They Call Me Anti-American :: essays research papers

Every time I view returned from Honduras I have g bingle into severe finishing shock. It takes me many months to adjust to my native country. This may sound strange to many and others must surely think me insane for saying this thing. They probably wonder how one can experience culture shock in their homeland. To understand it one would have to open their eyes to some basic truths. Most do non want to admit to these truths. They exhibit all of the classic signs of those who have been indoctrinated into to the more controversial cults even down to the classic syndrome which CIA experts in the thought modification worry term the slide response. In this response the person being confronted with the truth, or with the wrongness of their actions will attack desperately with illogical arguments. In severe cases they whole shut down mentally rather than face what their subconscious mind tells them to be true.One of the greatest ironies of today is the USA touting itself as the land of the unfreeze while individuals in many other nations particularly some developing nations enjoy more liberty than many Americans. The US is saturated with federal, state and local anesthetic laws seeking to regulate and control individuals. That is not the case in many of the so-called third world nations I have visited.Politicians in this country would alike(p) for us to believe that the people would be like little lost children without their guidance and, more importantly, their protection. The latest tactics being used are cook up threats of terrorist bogeymen to frighten people into even greater submission.Perhaps they are right and we have lost the ability to care for ourselves. Americans have been softened by consumerism. Generations of children have been dumbed down through entertainment and the educational system. The latest generation of children is being raised in an environment of tight security. Schools are heavily monitored with cameras, metal detectors, sponsor locker searches, police presence and even the new RFID tags. When they become adults, this will all seem normal to them. They will not even remember a time when it was not this way.The essence of liberty is the lack of restraint on the individual. Freedom thrives when individual liberty is unbound. In America, the gospel of security is preached as the defense reaction of freedom but it is a false gospel. In the context of the so-called War on Terror, this new security is actually the greatest threat against our freedom.

Women, Law, and Equality Essay -- Womens Rights, gender inequality

In the past 3 decades, women made great advancements in the workforce. First, they have hold up an integral part of the labour market they have access to higher education and consequently to traditionally male prevail professions such as medicine, fairness and business. piece of music statistics show that women are equal to men in terms of their numbers in the law profession, it is not clear however, whether they have achieved equality in all other areas of their employment. In this paper, I will examine womens experiences in the law profession whether women are earning equal salary compared to the male lawyers, do they still pillow slip barriers that are gender related and whether they have broken the glass ceiling in a profession that is alleged(a) to be an ensample for practising equality and justice. The experience of women lawyers. Despite improvements to womens role in the labour market, women are still facing obstacles that are gender related. Women continue to bear the of import responsibility for domestic duties and child care and further more, policies have not enabled women to fully succeed. While women were able to gain access to this highly male dominated profession, and in some cases they outnumber their male counterparts, researchers agree that women are still facing discriminatory barriers. While discrimination is more subtle nowadays compared to the clamant and stupid style of the recent past (Adcock, 2006) women are still experiencing discrimination which is preventing them from receiving equal pay, thus hindering their progress and altering their career paths. They still face an array of barriers to achieving equality in their careers, including the allocation of work, opportunities for advancement, income differentials... ... of the choices that women are making or the constraints that they have to live with. I argue that women do not have the granting immunity to pursue their careers in the same way men do, they have the juggling act that they need to perform by satisfying their social stereotyping roles of care givers and nurturers.While equal pay is not an issue on the outset in federally regulated sector due to the Pay Equity legislated, however it would be interesting to see how many women are reaching high ranked positions in proportion to the overall demographics. According to a report y the exchequer board secretariat on diversity in the public service Women have faced negative attitudes and stereotyping and have consistently undervalued which confirms while women are supposed to be renumerated equally to men, they have yet to improve their representation in the leadership ranks.

Al Capone: One Of The Most Ruthless Men Of All Time Essay -- essays r

Al Capone One of the Most Ruthless Men of All TimeThe ultimate symbol of a mobster rule, is a guy by the name of Al Capone, who dominated the wampum underworld by committing many crimes such as illegal gambling, extortion, prostitution, and alcohol diffusion during prohibition. Capones vitality of gang activity started at a very young age. He created a multi-million dollar empire of crime in Chicago. He has been referred to as one of the most ruthless men of altogether time (Stockdale 45). He was a smart businessman, good family man, and a generous person, that lived a flavour full of murders and other crimes.Gabriele Capone was a barber that lived in Naples, Italy who decided to escape a bleak rural livelihood in the promise of work and achievement in the New World. He was one of 43,000 Italians who arrived in the U.S. in 1894 (Stockdale 7-8). Gabriele was 30 years old and he brought his 27-year-old wife, Teresina and their three sons. He was planning to start a barbershop w hen he got to America. On January 17, 1899, Teresina gave birth to their fourth son named Alphonse Capone (Bardsley 2). The Capone family lived a very normal life with no problems or events that would explain why their sons chose a life of crime. In 1907, Gabriel moved his family into an apartment over his barbershop in an Italian district in south Brooklyn. This move exposed Alphonse to a different kind of life on the streets. He became a member of a junior gang called the Forty Thieves Juniors, which taught its members the art of petty vandalism. The gang taught him how to use violence to get what you want. When he was 14 years old, Al got expelled from school and never went back after he got mad at his teacher and hit her. By this time, Al Capone was bound(p) to live a life of crime (Stockdale 9-11).By the time Al was 14 years old, he was an experienced streetfighter and had learned how to use a dig and gun successfully. He became a good leader of the junior gang and was introd uced to the Five Points Gang in Brooklyn by Frankie Yale and John Torrio. He began working for Frankie Yale who was an valu satisfactory figure in the adult gang in Brooklyn. Al was 16 years old and was helping control Yales prostitution, gambling, extortion, and protection rackets (Schoenberg 23-25). Al Capone worked at the Harvard Inn as ... ...). Capone never went back to doing any gang activity because of his illness. Then on January 21, 1948, Al Capone suffered a massive brain hemorrhage. Capone regained consciousness and was able to talk with his family. Then a few days later he caught pneumonia and died of a heart attack on January 25. His body was buried in Chicago on February 4. The site of his grave became a famous tourist attraction so they moved the body to an unpublicized spot in Mount Carmel Cemetery. His tombstone read, My deliverer Mercy (Bergreen 605-609).Public service is my motto. Ninety percent of the people in Chicago drink and gamble. Ive tried to serve them decent liquor and full-strength games. But Im not appreciated. Im known all over the world as a millionaire gorilla, said Al Capone (Bergreen 16). Alphonse Capone redefined the supposition of crime into an organized endeavor modeled on corporate enterprise (Stockdale 45). He dominated the Chicago underworld through illegal gambling, extortion, prostitution, and alcohol distribution. Capone eliminated all of his opponents and avoided prosecution for the crimes that he committed. He was the ultimate symbol of a gangster rule.

Essay --

Negative Effects on Mobile PhonesSince the old times, men live always tried to find a way to give-up the ghost with people. Ever since the invention of telephone by the infamous Alexander Graham Bell, communication technology has been evolving and progressing quickly. Nowadays, people separated hundreds miles away dont have to wait for their letters for weeks or all the same months to be able to communicate. The development of mobile phone has made it easier for mankind it allows people to communicate with each separate fast and easily. In this globally developing era, it is not uncommon to see someone having one fiber of mobile phone on his/her hand, and anformer(a) type on the other one. battalion from all ages and status carry mobile phones every time, everywhere they go. This device certainly help people in communicating with others, but it is less likely that people realize the device they have been development all the time may bring them bad effects physically and ment ally.Talking at phones with our friends sure is fun that often we dont even realize how much time have passed. We dont even feel tired from holding our mobile phone in front of our ear. But the longer we hold it like that, the more we are exposed to danger. The actinotherapy emitted from our mobile phone may cause bad effects to us, from the slight ones such as blurry vision, headache, and neck pain, to the severe ones like brain crabmeat and risk of brain tumor. Long being an object of debate, the statement that mobile phone radiation links us to such extent of dangerous sickness was finally announced by the World Health Organizations International Agency on Research for Cancer (WHOs IARC) in whitethorn 2011. The risk of being suffered from these diseases is even greater for people who take th... ... is said that teenagers prefer textual matter messaging to face-to face conversation.2 Mobile phone certainly makes us communicate easily, and it is useful in many ways. However, j ust like every good thing in this world, this sophisticated device also has bad effects. People should start to consider how to use their mobile phone without it becoming a backfire to their life. People can prevent themselves from the radiation exposure by using a hands-free when they are talking and limit their time on phone. That simple thing will lower the risk of getting the danger of the radiation. On the other side, we need to keep up with our actual social life. When we can gather with our friends, use that opportunity to talk to them instead of being busy with the digital text on our phone. The time we spend with our friends is far more precious than texting which we can do just anytime.

Social Security at Gunpoint Essay -- American Government Politics Pape

mixer protection at GunpointNothing is born perfect. Numerous glorious concepts are born everyday, some survive some do not. Helping the citizens through their hard times and even in their glory has been the effort for many governments in many countries in the last few milleniums. In the United States of America Social Security was conceptualized and then realized during the years of the Great Depression that divided and then reunited the country to prosper in the ample run. Today Social Security is something that politicians make a lot of promises about in their campaign days, Congress has numerous debates on, and the people whose everyday living appear on the benefits they receive from Social Security have little hand on their own fates.The rise of the Social Security program in the U.S. owes generally on some drastic demographic, political and economic changes. These altered the face and structure of the whole society, and also the living standard of many citizens. The indust rial alteration caused massive urbanization. In 1890 it was 28% in 1930 it doubled to be 56% in a short period of time (Pre-Social Security Period, par. 30). Both of these unneurotic catalyzed the fall of the extended family system. The security that people enjoyed in such a family was also banished with it. Another noticeable fact in this period was the sudden development in life expectancy. Because of all these reasons the chronically enhanced of that generation went through a sudden shock. There was no family to shelter and support them. Even though they survived, there were not enough jobs that they could have to support themselves, nor did they have any savings, which they could use during their retirement years.This worsening situation of the eld... ...ember 1999. Pars 560. 14 Sept. 1999. <http//www.ssab.govHow You Earn Credits. Social Security Administration. SSA Publication No. 05-10072. Jan 1999. Pars 26. 16 Sept. 1999. <http//www.ssa.gov/pubs/10072.htmlJohn Trollin ger and Rich Hensley. Save Social Security First Commitment Reflected In President Clintons Financial Year 99 Budget Proposal For Social Security Administration. Social SecurityAdministration. February 2, 1998. Pars 8. 16 Sept. 1999. <http//www.ssa.gov/press/budget_press.htmlKey Dates. Social Security Administration. 13 Sept. 1999. <http//www.ssa.gov/history/keydates.htmlPre-Social Security Period. Social Security Administration. Pars 79. 16 Sept. 1999.<http//www.ssa.gov/history/early.htmlPresidential Quotes. Social Sceurity Online. 14 Sept 1999. <http//www.ssa.gov/history/wjcstate.html

Social Security at Gunpoint Essay -- American Government Politics Pape

favorable Security at GunpointNothing is born perfect. Numerous glorious concepts are born everyday, some survive some do not. Helping the citizens through their hard times and even in their glory has been the effort for many governments in many countries in the last few milleniums. In the United States of America Social Security was conceptualized and then realized during the years of the Great Depression that divided and then reunited the country to prosper in the long run. Today Social Security is something that politicians make a lot of promises about in their campaign days, sex act has numerous debates on, and the people whose everyday living depend on the benefits they receive from Social Security have little hand on their own fates.The rescind of the Social Security program in the U.S. owes mostly on some drastic demographic, political and economic changes. These altered the face and structure of the whole society, and as well as the living standard of many citizens. The industrial revolution caused massive urbanization. In 1890 it was 28% in 1930 it doubled to be 56% in a get around period of time (Pre-Social Security Period, par. 30). Both of these together catalyzed the fall of the extended family system. The security that people enjoyed in such a family was also banished with it. Another broad fact in this period was the sudden increase in life expectancy. Because of all these reasons the chronically enhanced of that generation went through a sudden shock. thither was no family to shelter and support them. Even though they survived, there were not enough jobs that they could have to support themselves, nor did they have any savings, which they could use during their retirement years.This downslope situation of the eld... ...ember 1999. Pars 560. 14 Sept. 1999. <http//www.ssab.govHow You Earn Credits. Social Security Administration. SSA Publication No. 05-10072. Jan 1999. Pars 26. 16 Sept. 1999. <http//www.ssa.gov/pubs/10072.htmlJohn Tro llinger and Rich Hensley. Save Social Security First freight Reflected In President Clintons Financial Year 99 Budget Proposal For Social Security Administration. Social SecurityAdministration. February 2, 1998. Pars 8. 16 Sept. 1999. <http//www.ssa.gov/press/budget_press.htmlKey Dates. Social Security Administration. 13 Sept. 1999. <http//www.ssa.gov/history/keydates.htmlPre-Social Security Period. Social Security Administration. Pars 79. 16 Sept. 1999.<http//www.ssa.gov/history/early.htmlPresidential Quotes. Social Sceurity Online. 14 Sept 1999. <http//www.ssa.gov/history/wjcstate.html

Financial Statement Analysis of Square Pharmaceuticals Essay

I hope and elieve that you will be kind enough to consider any types of mistakes that occurred at the time of preparing this proposal. Thank you. Yours sincerely, pother 24040 Executive Summary A few comments on the organization and content of the report may be helpful to referee. In doing so, we realize that some topics may be more important to some reader then to other. For that reason we some advanced material (e. g. questionnaires) appears in appendices.Our goal is to help the reader who must comparing financial position of these two companies. First we foc utilize on the essential element of this report. We have included here the introduction of this report, objectives of the report, findings, methodology, so that the reader can fasten ideas easily. The second part is very important from the sense of this report. Here we have given our recommendation of the report. We have tried out train best to give the commendation neutrally. It also contains the conclusion of this re port.Contents Topic Page Introduction Objective of the Report Limitation of the Study Literature 2 Analysis 4 Summary and Conclusion 11 Introduction monetary Statement includes the Balance Sheet, Income statement and other tatement which de statusine the companys performance. financial ratio analysis is the calculation and comparison of ratios which are derived from information in companys financial statements. Financial ratios are the analysts microscope. It allowed them to get a better view of the firms financial health than Just looking at the raw financial statements.Objective of the Report This term paper is prepared under submitted as a major requirement of the Financial Accounting Course. Financial Accounting provides the facts needed to make informed frugal as well as operational control. Limitation of the study is about ) Based on only secondary source of data b) Time skip restrict me for further research on the topic c) possible to analyze every ratio of the financial statement There is not Literature Financial Ratio Financial ratios are useful indicators of a firms performance and financial situation.Financial ratios can be used to analyze trends and to compare the firms financials to those of other firms. Current Ratio Current ratio is the ratio of current assets of a business to its current liabilities. It is the most widely used test of liquidity of a business and measures the ability of a usiness to repay its debts over the period of next 12 months.Current ratio is calculated employ the following order Current Ratio = Current assets Current Liabilities Receivables Turnover Ratio An accounting measure used to quantify a firms effectiveness in extending credit as well as collecting debts. The receivables disturbance ratio is an activity ratio, measuring how efficiently a firm uses its assets. Receivables turnover ratio = Net receivable sales/ Average accounts receivables catalogue Turnover A ratio showing how many times a companys invento ry is sold and replaced over a period.The days in the period can then be divided by the inventory turnover formula to calculate the days it takes to sell the inventory on hand or inventory turnover days. Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory Asset Turnover The amount of sales generated for every dollars worth of assets. It is calculated by dividing sales in dollars by assets in dollars. Asset Turnover Ratio = Net Sales Average Total Assets Return On Asset An indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its full assets.

Alfred Russel Wallace Essay

There are numerous advances caused by the development of science and technology in valet de chambre life. Such disc overies and inventions led to the advancement of human civilization. galore(postnominal) definitive statements were given slightly science and most of these statements focus on the conventional approach in scientific endeavors. Little or no definitions were explicate exercising other non-conventional approach in doing researches in the field of science.Aside form the fact that there are other factors involved in recognizing onenesss work and classifying it as a work of scientific methodology, human interventions on these processes are still influential in determining a circumstantial work and accept it as a valid scientific research. As a result, proper recognition of a persons work greatly depends on these limited criteria which are based on a narrow A person named Wallace ventured into the works of discovering things that he thought then as lineament of the laws of nature.He worked on the same area with Sir Charles Darwin with his evolution theory and findings. During that time, Wallace findings were not separate as a work of science due to a circle of reasons and as a result, he was not recognized then as a scientist but an outsider. Science then was defined in a narrow approach wherein it encompasses only limited principles and classifications. A specific study can only be classified as a work of science when it is associated with human intervention brought about by the search for facts.All supernatural phenomenons were ruled out of contention and only those studies that involve findings from thorough experimentation are considered. Studies should occur the causality rule and must follow the laws of physics. Wallace study did not fall into this classification, thus, making his research disqualified. There are researches in the historical accounts that lead to statements that Wallaces work did not suffice to the lists of scientific wor ks. The authority responsible during that time in recognizing a work is the British Association. This body was founded by persons who hold right(a) positions in the society.These people dictate the decision of the organization about the funding and citations of a given work. These people saw Wallace works as unacceptable and radically made, making it excluded from further recognition of the body. Religion also has a big factor in making up restrictions in the researches being made by people which provides a definite line between topics that are allowed to be studied and those that are not. Their decisions were greatly influenced by the social, political, and cultural aspects which was very evident on the groups dealings with Wallace and his research.Accounts tell about the decision of the British Association tagging Wallaces work to be excluded for reasons including the fact that his findings only repeats that of Darwins theories about evolution. Another factor that made Wallace un fit to be called as a scientist is because he has no formal schooling, a clear standard emphasized by the body who classifies researches and studies to be scientific or not. Wallace belongs to the labor sector compared to those individuals who were classified to belong in the upper class.For some people, these criteria are unfair and uncalled for since this focuses on the personalized circumstances of a person and not on his works or contributions. However, the decision made can also be traced with other factors other than what was classified to be more of a personal attack on a persons life. Wallace developed his interests in the evolution topics during his stint as a land surveyor in England. He combined several disciplines in his works and findings in his field of interests which is on the evolution theory. During that time, evolution was unacceptable and firmly jilted by the church ministers and their teachings.As an advocate of evolution principle, Wallace continued with his study and made declarations that were found out to be eccentric. He included in his wallpaper the principles that humans and orangutans have direct relationship with each other. He accepted this principle of believing people really came from the ape ancestors. These findings were made years to begin with other papers were written establishing the same principle as he has made. His work and that of Darwin has a strong correlation but what made its distinction is that Darwins result was very conservative and was carefully illustrated in a well mannered style.He still declared the superiority of white men over the people who lived before, different from Wallaces declaration on the same concept of study. His findings did not found enough support from the British land where conservatism and godliness intimacys a lot. He did not receive due acknowledgments for his work but Darwin did have the recognition for the same work he has. However, this scenario did not bother him and he contin ued his openness in his works and findings. Such situation that happened to Wallace should open up the minds of other people who sees things only as they want to see.There should be no distinctions between individuals who have submitted their studies and researches that belong to various states in life. The concerned body responsible for the recognition of such works should be aware that having a formal education should not be a major factor in considering a person to be a great scientist or not. What should matter is the validity of the results obtained by the study and the totality of the work submitted by any individual hoping for due recognition. Each should keep in mind that what matters are the typesetters case and dedication in the work like that of Wallaces.Even he was not recognized then, it cannot be denied that Wallace still has a vital contribution in our evidence society and he can be considered to be one of the giants that made us see things that we have and develope d for our society as a whole. works CitedAlfred Russel Wallace A Capsule Biography. Retrieved on January 27, 2009. Retrieved from www. wku. edu Quanmen, D. (2008). The Man that wasnt Darwin. Retrieved on January 26, 2009. Retrieved From

Case Study Questions Essay

1. What atomic number 18 the inputs, process, and outputs of UPSs package tracking system?2. What technologies are habitd by UPS? How are these technologies related to UPSs business strategy?3. What strategic business objectives do UPSs information systems address?4. What would happen if UPSs information systems were not available?Answer1. A. Inputs* computer software Information* Customer Information* Destination* Current Location of the parcelsB. Process* The data are transmitted to a central computer and stored for retrieval. Data are also organized so that they can be tracked by customer.C. Output* Smart Labels* Signatures of Receiver* Proof of delivery* Receipts2. Technologies used by UPS* DIAD (Delivery Information Acquisition Device)* Barcode scanning systems* Smart Labels* Wired and Wireless Communication Network (GPRS, CDMA)* Desktop and Central StorageBest Services and Lowest pass judgmentBecause of the advance integration of UPSs technology. It can provide services che aper and more efficiently. That technology solves problems like logistics and supply chain management, freight forwarding, customs brokerage, mail services. 3. strategical Business Objectives of UPSs information systems address* Operational ExcellenceUPS manage to cut down costs and save M 28 Miles by their truck using advanced technology.* New Products, Services and Business ModelsThe information systems of UPS created new way on how to offer delivery service. It has transformed the way the company gathers information, creating routes and so forth* Competitive AdvantageUPS had already its operational excellence and New Products, Services and Business Models which means the UPS already gain a competitive advantage. Having this kind of technologies that they use like DIAD made them do things better than their competitors.4. If UPSs Information Systems were not available* Operational costs could be higher.* Millions of gallons of fuel could be burnt.* Millions of miles could be driv en.* UPSs would not be able to track their parcels and deliver them efficiently if these systems were not available.MIS in Action

Healthy People Essay

1. What is the mission of Healthy People 2020?They hand to identify nationwide health improvement priorities. They strive to increase public awareness and understanding of the determinants of health, disease, and disability and the opportunities. They strive to provide measurable objectives and goals that are applicable at the national, State, and local levels. They strive to engage aggregate sectors to take action to strengthen policies and improve practices that are driven by the best available evidence and knowledge. They strive to identify critical research, evaluation, and data assembling needs.2. List five new topic areas for Healthy People 2020?Older AdultsPreparednessDiseaseSleep HealthEarly and Middle Childhood3. remove one topic area from Healthy People 2020. What is the goal of the topic? What is one objective of the topic? Why is this topic and objective important? cast up public knowledge of how adequate sleep and treatment of sleep disorders improve health, product ivity, wellness, quality of life, and safety on roads and in the workplace. Increase the proportion of persons with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea who seek medical evaluation Increase the proportion of persons with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea who seek medical evaluation The topic and objective is important because we totally need sleep and if we cannot sleep then we need to find outwhy we cant sleep.4. What part of the website did you find approximately useful?The topics and objectives5. What resources determined on this website would you consider using in the future? All of them because the site is very help for everything.6. Which part of the website did you find to be the most interesting? The nearly me section cause I found what the site was about and how useful it will be.How Much Am I Actually Eating?For many people, the most difficult part about following a diet is understanding what constitutes a serving coat. How many servings of meat are you actually get ting in that double cheeseburger? The dietary guidelines are relatively easy to follow once you establish a frame of reference for serving sizes. Do your definitions of serving size differ from those of your friends, the restaurant around the corner, or your dining hall? Do you need to make some adjustments? Learning to do so goes a want way toward helping one live a healthful life.Go to the following website to examine your visual reality about serving sizes http//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/chd/visualreality/visualreality.htm. Follow the instruction manual and check your visual reality. You will learn to read food labels and eventually be able to determine standard serving sizes simply by look at them. After completing the visual reality exercise, answer the questions below.How well did you do? Were you generally in agreement with the quiz? I did okay. Somewhat I was in agreement with the quiz.

Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory Essay

Psychology is instantaneously considered to be a branch of science that foc apply on the drive of the man mind, making them men and women of science. As such(prenominal), it would be assumed that the manner on how psychologists would conduct their therapy sessions would be following the scientific method that is commonly seen among scientists. However, George Kelly discovered that this was not the case.Because of this, he developed his Personal Construct Theory to be a method for psychologists to study and assist uncomplaining roles during their consultation and therapy sessions. This paper will discuss the wad surrounding the formulation of Kellys Personal Construct Theory as well as the key points regarding this theory. Kellys Personal Construct Theory passim his career, George Kelly (2007) had focused his studies on the issues of diagnostic testing and the training and provision of clinical mental services.Based on his studies, he concluded that the use of dogmatic interpre tations to incubate a patients psychological concern did more harm than good because he likened all individuals as scientists. He defined dogmatic approaches used by psychologists as the belief held by psychologists that only they held the truth regarding an individuals behavior and personality based on their interpretations of the information provided to them by a patient.As such, dogmatic interpretations and approaches used by psychologists during consultation and therapy sessions would place the patient in a tight conclusion that is purely based on the interpretations of the psychologist. Kelly (2007) unconquerable that the most effective approach that psychologists need to do in army to more effectively treat their patients was to allow the patient to channel the experiences of the patient and how the patient anticipates events that come into his or her behavior.This became the main premise of the development of his Personal Construct Theory, which became the foundation and establishment of cognitive psychology as a field of study within psychology and other social learning theories that have been developed by other psychologists. According to the Personal Construct Theory, an individual lives his or her life through the process of reaching out on upcoming events in his or her life through personal interactions based on the actual events.This factor that an individual has a hold on the direction where his or her own life would go (Kelly 2007). With the development of the Personal Construct Theory, Kelly (2007) stated that in smart set for a patient to receive optimum therapy from consultation sessions with a psychologist, the consultation session should have an interactive communication between the patient and the psychologist in order for them to understand various issues that the patient was going through.From here, both the psychologist and the patient should develop hypotheses in order to address the issues. In the next session, the psychologist would then inquire from the patient as to whether when the patient experimented that the hypotheses developed met his or her expectations. Conclusion The Personal Construct Theory developed by George Kelly had provided psychologists a more effective method in psychotherapy given to patients.Up to this point in time, psychologists have developed theories regarding the human mind and human psyche based on definite factors such as society, the environment, the unconscious part of the human mind and childhood experiences. The development of these theories had caused both psychologists and patients to accept that certain anxieties felt and experienced by patients were brought about by events that the individual had no control of.This would lead psychologists and the patients to believe that the most logical approach that the patient would do in order to improve his or her psychological well-being was to accept these anxieties and that these are irreversible parts of their own behavior an d personality. With the introduction of the Personal Construct Theory, Kelly had changed the role of the individual from a passive growth of experiences and the unconscious into superstar who is able to actively have a control on how his or her personality develops.As such, the individual has the ability to change his or her personality for the better based on the suggestions presented by the psychologist, changing the role of the psychologist from a profession who enlightens the patient by analyzing and pinpointing the cause into one who would pinpoint the causes of ones anxieties and fears and a mediator to assist the individual into reaching a possible solution to modify the behavior of the individual. The approach developed and presented by Kelly is immediately commonly seen during consultation and therapy sessions between psychologists and their patients.Nowadays, a psychologist would ask questions to the patient in order for them to come to terms with their issues. From her e, the patient would be guided by the psychologist in order to reach a possible method in order to address the issues of the patient. The would explain as to why through consultation and therapy sessions, individuals are now able to alter their behavior for the better in spite of the individual having been known to possess deviant behaviors in the past.

Nobility and Beowulf Essay

Epics have been written and told or aloney for hundreds of years. A typical epic usually contains challenges, journeys, adventures and most importantly, a hero. An epic hero has several(prenominal) characteristics that make him unique. First of all, he or she usually comes from a noble family, which means, a noble birth. Also, they tend to have potent strength and accomplish beyond human deeds. A must in all Epic stories is that this hero must go on a quest in search of something. This quest, besides known as a journey, holds several challenges and unexpected turns that the hero must overcome.Beowulf, an epic hero, is a fantastic example and fits the standards perfectly of an epic hero. He is noble, brave, and has superhuman strength, not only in his body but also in his heart. This strength is one that makes him thing of himself as immortal and invincible. What Beowulf lacks despite of this is a esthesis of self-knowledge, something learned about oneself through experiences, but he gains this characteristic through his epic quest in which he will realize that in fact, he is not immortal. Beowulf does not simply gain self-knowledge in fact there are a series of events which lead up to his inner realization.Grendel is a powerful monster who terrorizes the Danes. He is feared of immensely by all of the people and nobody who has the courage to withstand him survives the attempt. He was spawned in that slime, c erstwhileived by a pair of these monsters natural of Cain, punished forever for the crime of Abels death. (Line 19-23)Grendel is such a bad figure that he is known to be the reincarnation of the devil. When terrorizing all of the people at Herot, Hrothgar calls for Prince Beowulfs assistance, knowing that he is powerful and brave.Beowulf sleeps at Herot and during the night confronts Grendel in a bloody and intense battle. Beowulf manages to kill Grendel and is therefore recognized and worshiped by all of the Danes. This is one of the first contributor s to Beowulfs belief of immortality in himself and a clear example to him that death in fact is possible. After having slayed Grendel, Beowulf is encountered in another bit in which he must, once again fight for Hrothgar. Hrothgar informs Beowulf that Grendels Mom hast taken and killed his best and only friend.He in turn asks Beowulf for help once again and Beowulf gladly accepts the task. Grendels Mom is hidden in a terrible home, in a place you have not seen. Seek it if you hold Save us once more, and again twisted gold, heaped up ancient treasure, will reward you. (Line 444-449) He begins his journey to Grendels Moms lair, a deep dark lake in the mountains to which nobody ever wants to go. When he gets there, Beowulf is attacked by several creatures other than Grendels Mom herself, but manages to kill them all and at long last encounter himself in a battle with fearless Grendels Mom.After the long battle, Beowulf manages to kill this creature and again feels overly triumphant and immortal, but is up to now another example of mortality shown clear to Beowulf, because everything, even the most dark and feared creatures can die. Fifty years later, Beowulf finds himself being king of the Geats and being greatly love by everyone in his realm. One day, Beowulf is informed that a dragon is terrorizing his people and is killing them, a fire breathing dragon. Ive never known fear, as a youth I fought in endless battles.I am old now, But I will fight again, seek fame still, if the dragon screen in his tower dares to face me. (Line 607-610). Despite his old age, Beowulf, still courageous, wants to fight and slay the dragon which terrorizes his people. Once he gets there and the battle begins, he realizes that it is not the same as before, that he is in fact weaker and now vulnerable. He struggles greatly, his sword breaks, and the dragon melts his shield and armor with his fiery breath, but now his troops helps him and together they slay the dragon.Unfortunate ly, Beowulf is greatly wounded and for the first time, realizes he is going to die and that he is in fact, mortal. When he dies, Beowulf asks for a statue of him to be built, he is in this way seeking eternal immortality. His self-realization mainly comes across to him when he is dying in the arms of his people after his harsh fight with the dragon. He was a strong hearted and strong-minded warrior, because it was not until the last moment that he learns about his own vulnerabilities, he lives thinking he is invincible, until fate plays a privy on his belief.

Real Vampires

Vampires Stories Started Thousands of Years Ago in Myths To mean solar day They Are Very Real and Among Us ? Abstract Vampires go for been a asideset of human finish for thousands of years. on that point have been stories of lamia like creatures in Mesopotamia, Greece, China, and Europe. These stories have spanned the globe and time. The lamia has evolved overtime based on the current trends and beliefs and culture of the time. Today when the give-and-take lamia is express many visualize genus Dracula from the stories by Bram Stoker or vainglorious e very(prenominal)uring creatures that be realisey to drain you of your race.For most vampires scarce live in stories, the truth is that vampires are very in truth. There is a subculture of original vampires emerging out of the darkness all over the world they are very real and among us. Vampires Stories Started Thousands of Years Ago in Myths Today They Are Very Real and Among Us When the word vampire is said it evoke s Hollywood images of handsome men and beautiful women, seductive creatures with fangs that lure in their prey with their hyp nonic stare along with their good determines, wit and charm.Once the prey is seduced the vampire goes straight for the throat, nipping down and draining their family and ultimately their keep. More recently the images may be of the sexy Vampire who is trying to pass as human in some high school setting that is amazingly fast, and strong, yet trying to be sensitive. Some sparkle in the sun and others must avoid it altogether, dapple still others wear some enchanted ring or jewelry in tell apart to walk in sunlight.Oh yes, and lets not blockade their ability to go on vivacious forever because one of the most incredible qualities is a vampires immortality, unless they have a wood or silver stake driven through their heart, or end up decapitated and burned, which would swiftly end there immortal reign. Whichever version of vampire you take care will depe nd on the most recent book, movie, or television series you are intrigued by. These images are the glorified Hollywood images that are spoon ply to us daily, only when these are not the true definitions or characteristics of a real vampire.As frequently as most spate deliberate that the image of the vampire was spawned from the grade of Dracula written by Bram Stoker that is certainly not the case, the story of the vampire started thousands of years ago and span the globe, and continue to engross fellowship today. Every culture has their own story and origination point and these stories have spawned a growing fascination with vampires. It is important to look back and see where it all began in order to uncover the truth of real vampires today.One of the first stories comes from Mesopotamia it goes back at least 4,000 years. It starts with Lamastu, the daughter of the sky paragon Anu. She was a demon goddess who preyed on humans. At darkness she would creep into peoples home s and steel their babys or worse, she would kill them while they were in their crib or plain while in their mothers womb. It is also said she would suck the blood from young men this would bring sickness, disease, and sterility to the people. When you see images of Lamastu she is seen to have talons or claw like hands, as intimately as wings.This is very similar to other vampire like goddess from history, Lilith. (Harris, 2001 Lamastu, 2011) Lilith is a vampire like demon goddess as well, along with the wings and talons she is sometimes shown to be in the form of an owl or a mix of woman owl type creature. There are a manikin of stories that surround Lilith. The most prominent one seems to be the one coming from Jewish origins where it is said that Lilith was the first wife of Adam. In this story the trouble started when Lilith did not want to be in a submissive position to Adam during sexual intercourse.She believed since God fashioned them of the same dirt and was said to be a n equal to Adam, she wished to be his partner and equal, not to be beneath him. She was banished from Adam and the Garden of Eden into darkness where she was then perceived as a Demon and in the darkness she began giving birth to her own children. These children were said to be demons like their Mother. God sent three Angels after her and they asked her to return to the tend but not as Adams equal. Lilith refused and for her punishment God killed a hundred of her children daily.In retaliation Lilith began to take her vengeance out on Gods children by killing human babies. Along with killing human children Lilith had seductive qualitys and would seduce men and come to them at night as a succubus. (Harris, 2001 Lilith, 2001) There are many other stories of similar creatures like Lamastu and Lilith all over the world, such as, the Empisai she came from Greek stories, she was the beautiful daughter of Hecate and would improvement out of the ground at night and seduce the Sheppards in the fields and then devour them.In Chinese folk lore there were creatures that had anxious red eyes, they were covered in fur and they would bite their prey with sharp fangs, these creatures were called Kuang-shi. (Harris, 2001) As time went on people traveled from place to place and with them the stories of the vampire like creatures were spread. The stories morphed and changed with the current beliefs and knowledge of the time. There is a plethora of stories out there that blanket cultures and over time have developed a variety of versions and interpretations and created are current knowledge base of what a vampire is.As much as most people believe that the image of the vampire was spawned from the story of Dracula written by Bram Stoker you can see this is not the case and the story of the vampire started thousands of years ago, many of the beliefs, traditions and rituals real vampires have today are based on these ancient stories. So what is a real vampire? At first glance it c an be hard to define, but when you moot in you will start to see categories. The first, most broad category falls under the term, vampire community, and this term is the broadest wording used to describe the vampire culture.Vampires refer to the vampire community in a similar manner as gay people speak nigh the gay community and African Americans speak about the black community. (TheoFantastique, 2009) The vampire community is not an organized structure according to Joseph Laycock, Author of Vampires Today The Truth about Modern Vampirism and graduate of the Harvard Divinity School, he refers to it as an identity sort. (Laycock, 2009) Within that identity group you can find the terms life mode vampire and real vampire. Real and lifestyle vampire are phrases used at heart the vampire culture to distinguish between the two groups.Life style vampires or lifestylers, as some would say, are the ones that are fans of vampire fiction such as Bram Stoker, Anne Rice, and Stephanie Meyer . They enjoy dressing up as the undead and participating in role playing games such as Vampire the Masquerade. Some have prosthetic fangs and sleep in coffins. They love everything vampire and embrace all the binaural types. Ms Saige who is a lifestyle vampire has this to say about it, I live the lifestyle but I am not a real vampire, nobody can live forever. She goes on to say there is about 1,000 lifestyle vampires in New York and thousands more than worldwide. Theres a kin group in Europe, one in California and a huge clan in Texas. We all know each other. (Mittelbach & Crewdson, 2000) To be more definitive on the differences Joseph Laycock says the main difference between the two is lifestyle vampires choose their vampiric identity and real vampires see their vampire identity as unchangeable and something that is a part of them. (Laycock, 2009) Real vampires are, individuals who feel a requisite to consume blood or hold on the subtle energy of other people in order to sust ain their physical, mental, and spiritual health, according to Joseph Laycock. Laycock, 2010) This is not to say that the murderers you here of in the news that consume blood and are labeled as vampire are the real vampires that are being spoken of here. Those people have been labeled vampire by the media. Real vampire is an identity group and is taken on freely by people. The battle of Atlanta Vampire Alliance expands on the definition of a real vampire and goes on to say that if vampires do not feed off the blood or energy of other humans they will become tired, sickly, depressed, and can go through physical woeful or discomfort.A vampire can also have a variety of psychic abilities and be very psychically aware such as, sense peoples emotions, see peoples auras and be highly empathetic. The term real vampire can be broken down into three more groups from there, based on their feeding techniques. (AVA, 2005-2011) The first are the Sanguine or Sang for short, vampires who actually consume blood from humans or animals. The tot of blood and the frequency of consumption can vary from vampire to vampire. It can be as little as a drop and can be as frequently as daily and in frequently as monthly.Blood that is consumed from a human source is always consensual and there is a written or verbal agreement between the donor, the person giving blood, and the vampire. These Sanguine Vampires need to drink human or animal blood to notice their health and well being. (AVA, 2005-2011)It is not simply done because it arouses them sexually or they like the way it makes them feel or the taste of it. There is a genuine need for it to maintain their health. Though the act of feeding can evoke sexual desires and be a very enjoyable experience that is just an out come on the purpose of drinking blood.The second type is the Psychic or Psi Vampire they feed on the life force energy of other humans. This life force has been described in other cultures as chi in china, prana in Ind ia, or the soul in western religions. Vampires have the ability to overhear the subtle energy or life force from other people by using a number of techniques. (AVA, 2005-2011) A vampire by the form of Linda Rabinowitz says, she is a psychic vampire and if you maintain eye contact with her for too long she may be tempted to start taking in your subtle energy.She goes on to say that she would never actually do that without a persons permission, as good vampires operate under what is called The Black Veil. This is a code or ethic that states vampires must have the permission of their donors before they will feed off of them. (Monica, 2008 Laycock, 2010) According to sanguinarius. org, a website dedicated to providing information and resources to real vampires, pounds per square inch vampires can be broken down into further categories based on the type of energy they feed off of.Some of the examples are empathic vampires who feed on the emotions of people, sexual vampires who feed o n the energies generated during sexual intercourse, elemental vampires who feed off the energies of the elements of earth, wind, fire, and water. Astral feeding is another term and this refers to vampires that travel in the astral skim over a feed off the life force of creatures living within the astral plane, dream scape vampires can enter into peoples dreams and feed of the life force within the dream, and last on the list is magical vampires they are able to feed on and manipulate magical energies.This list is not all inclusive or set in stone one thing that is apparent within the vampire culture is that views on feeding techniques and their asperity are ever changing and all the techniques are not accepted as valid by all. The third type is a hybrid vampire which is the combination of a sanguine vampire and a psychic vampire. These hybrid vampires both drink blood as well as feed off the life force energy. They have the ability to choose which source to feed from as they wish. (AVA 2005-2011) Hybrids have the ability to choose their technique or combine a couple.For instance a vampire may drink the blood of their donor while in the midst of a sexual act thus creating a situation where they are simultaneously feeding off the sexual energy. You can see an example of this in the story given to Katherine Ramsland in her book bleak the Darkness Undercover with Vampires in America Today. The vampire described an account with a young man that spanned a short period of time. They had an initial bring and the vampire continued to stalk the individual eventually it led up to an evening of exchanging blood and sexual contact.The vampire describes his desire by saying, The mingling of blood and semen represents my hunger at the core of my being. Its about me, who I am as a male with a great need for anothers life force, blood cell to blood cell. The very sight of blood stirs my loins. (Ramsland, 1998, p. 16) Vampires also can be broken down into categories by thei r beliefs. Vampirism in and of itself is not a religion but within the vampire community there is an array of belief systems. Just like with in main current society you have Christians, Jews, Buddhist, and Atheist you too have this in the vampire community.There is also within the community groups of vampires that see their vampirism as a spiritual practice. There are different groups that have different beliefs just like any other religion. Father Sebastian, who is a fang smith, author, and founder of the clan Saber Tooth and the order of Strigoii said, during an query in the documentary Vampyres, his group follows the path of the Strigoii which means living vampire in Romanian. It is an older tradition that they have resurrected. It follows what he refers to as a leave hand path, vampires are an emerging culture and that humanity is entering the fifth eon of man.Anton Lavey described it as the age of satin. He goes on to say that within the left hand path tradition people stand out as individuals because within the tradition the majority of people do not believe in such a thing as a god, there is no god except yourself, and that we are a projection of our higher self. (Courau, 2007) The vampire community is vast and full of many verities of beliefs and ways of thinking. Though there is great difference in what they believe to be true of a real vampire there are some things they all agree that are not true.Along with the things that are true of real vampires there are many things that have been skewed and morphed from the current pop-culture trends, many of the Real Vampires of today would love to put an end to the many common beliefs about themselves, their activities, and culture. For starters real vampires do not need to sleep in coffins or the dirt from their hometown, they do not have aversions to the sun, although some claim a sensitivity to it but it borders more on an hurting than the fire burning effects that the media shows just before they are turned to ash.They also know that they are on the world for a finite amount of time and do not live forever. They die just like you and me from anything that we as humans can die from. They do not go close to stalking people and draining them of all their blood leaving them dead. Many of them love garlic and prefer to wear silver jewelry over gold. saintly water and crosses will not repel them, because many of them are Christian, or catholic or any of the many religions that are in the world. Last but not least they can come into your house un pick upd but like most people they have manners and would not just invite themselves in.Vampires are living all over the world and are very much among us. Though it may be disappointing, the vampires of today are very much human and have no wild and fantastical abilitys to pass onto their victims through their bite or blood. Just because they are not the vampires we read about or seen on the big screen does not make them any less real. As w ith anything, Hollywood, and pop culture have become very good at taking the ordinary and making it bigger than it really is or more fantastical which can be with how witches, robots, and housewives are portrayed.Hopefully one day we will be able to separate the fantasy from the reality and see them for what they really are people like you and me, going to work each day, living life a day at a time. They could be your doctor, friend, teacher or even your neighbor. People fear what they dont understand, therefore if you look for the truth you will understand that the Real Vampires of today are not to be feared, they just have different energetic needs than the rest of us. References Atlanta Vampire Alliance AVA (2005-2011). Atlanta Vampire Alliance AVA.Retrieved October 16, 2011, from http//www. atlantavampirealliance. com/educational. html Courau, L. (Director). (2007). Vampyres Documentary. Harris, T. HowStuffWorks How Vampires Work. HowStuffWorks Science. Retrieved October 3, 2011 , from http//science. howstuffworks. com/science-vs-myth/strange-creatures/vampire. htm Lamashtu (Mesopotamian demon) Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 16, 2011, from http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/328457/Lamashtu Laycock, J. (2010).Real vampires as an identity group analyzing causes and effects of an introspective survey by the vampire community. Nova religio, 14(1), 4-23. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Lilith. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. 2001. Retrieved October 09, 2011 from Encyclopedia. com http//www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-3403802788. html Mittlebach, M. , & Crewdson, M. (2000, November 24). To Die For Painting the Town Red, and the Capes and Nails Black New York Times. NY Times Advertisement. Retrieved October 16, 2011, from http//www. nytimes. com/2000/11/24/movies/to-die-for-painting-the-town-red-and-the-capes-and-nails-black. tml? scp=1&sq=ms. %20saige&st=cse Monica, H. (2008). A Va mpires Life? Its Really Draining. The Washington Post. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Ramsland, K. M. (1998). Piercing the darkness undercover with vampires in America today. New York Harperprism. TheoFantastique A meeting place for myth, imagination, and mystery in pop culture. (2009, August 25). TheoFantastique A meeting place for myth, imagination, and mystery in pop culture. Retrieved October 16, 2011, from http//www. theofantastique. com/2009/08/25/joseph-laycock-vampires-today/

Corruption in Judicial Systems Essay

rotting in judicial systems is threatening the protection of human rights, a United Nations self-directed expert said, urging governments to implement policies to strengthen the rule of law to combat this practice.The pervasiveness of depravity in the work bench and the legal profession, whether one off or endemic, is very worrying because it directly undermines the rule of law and the office of the judiciary to guarantee the protection of human rights, the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Gabriela Knaul, told the General meeting while presenting it with her latest annual report.A judiciary that is non independent can easily be corrupted or co-opted by interests other than those of applying the law in a fair and impartial manner, she said. strengthen the judiciary from within, as well as providing all the safeguards for its independence vis--vis other existence officials and private actors, is inseparable in combating and preventing instances of judicial corruption.Ms. Knaul noted that corruption in the judiciary has the potential to victimize those that do not have the means to play by the informal rules set by a corrupt system.Corruption in the judiciary discourages people from resorting to the formal justice system, thereby diverting dis targete settlements towards informal systems that more than often do not abide by the basic principles of impartiality, fairness, non-discrimination and due process, she said.Mechanisms of accountability, the Special Rapporteur underlined, should be put in place to investigate acts of corruption and they should be developed with the full participation of the actors concerned.I strongly believe that the existing international principles and standards on human rights and corruption provide adequate guidance on how to tackle judicial corruption while respecting the independence of the justice system and human rights, she said.Ms. Knaul also exclamatory that judges, prosecutors and lawyer s are in a unique position to tackle the wider phenomenon of corruption in other instances of the public and private sectors, and that anti-corruption bodies should be established or developed to effectively assist judicial actors to combat corruption and to implement and strengthen transparency within the public sector.Independent experts, or special rapporteurs, are name by the Geneva-based UN Human Rights Council to examine and report back, in an unpaid capacity, on specific human rights themes.

Attitude Towards Work Essay

Attitude towards work and inter personalized relations as factor in rail line implementationStatement of the problemThis study aims to determine the blood of perspective towards work and affable relations to the duty operation of the employees.Specifically, this study seeks to answer the side by side(p) questions 1. What is the profile of the Employees in Drug Maker Comp all in terms of the following personal circumstances? 2.1 Age and Sex2.2 Civil Status2.3 Educational impr over2.4 Years of Experience2. Do attitude towards work and interpersonal relations attain job per counterfeitance? 3. To what ex decenniumt do the work attitudes affect the job performance? 4. To what extent do the interpersonal relations affect the job performance? 5. What is the science of the employees towards work attitude and interpersonal relation? 6. Is there any signifi erectt blood mingled with attitudes toward work, interpersonal relations and job performance?WORK ATTITUDE AND interperson al RELATIONSHIPQUESTIONNAIRESPersonal InformationName________________________________________GenderMaleFemaleAge 20 yrs. and below 41-50 old age21-30 age 51 and above31-40 yearsCivil StatusSingleMarriedWidowEducational achievementHigh School GraduateCollege GraduateCourse _______________________________________________Year of Experience1-5 years6-10 years11-15 years16-20 yearsOthers please specify _____________________________________Direction Please check the appropriate answers to the item questions. The following be the symbols/letters useSYMBOLS SD Strongly DisagreeD DisagreeSA Strongly nurseA Agree SD D SA AA. Work Attitudes1. Your current hob is interesting and challenging. 2. The qualifications you possess are appropriate and relevant to the job. 3. The skills required match the tasks to be performed and consistent with the job description. 4. The efforts demanded by the job are commensurate to the payment received. 5. The responsibilities assumed in th e job are well defined and clearly delineated 6. The work specify (illumination, ventilation, temperature and humidity, etc.) in the office is conducive to work. 7. there is remainder supervision by the office head to mark off efficiency of performance in the job assigned. 8. You dislike your job and looking forward to a stop employment elsewhere. 9. The routine or daily task is dull, boring and monotonous. 10. You consider work as something instinctive and necessary in life. 11. The job provides you a sense of responsibility in performing the duties. 12. A musical note ofsatisfaction is attained as a result of completing the task (sense of achievement). 13. The job offers opportunities for promotion in position as well as pay increase based on merits. 14. The remuneration for the job position in just and position is just and fair with the nature of the work being undertaken. 15. The moveion in the office among co-workers is cordia l and harmonious. 16. The job itself becomes a means for personal growth and professional attainment (self-actualization/Self-fulfillment). 17. The office head being rattling keep upive and tolerant enables you to feel confident in the job. 18. There were opportunities for a right job which you missed by works in the stick set-up. 19. In the present job, there is no chance to improve and learn more in terms of better aptitudes and brisk skills. 20. The need for learning is much felt in the office. B. interpersonal relationship with peers and heads1. The office head is very flexible and approachable process so easy for the workers to wear closer interpersonal relationship with him/her. 2. The on the job(p) relationship within the office is formal and cautious (careful) between the head and the rank and file. Resulting in queasy situation. 3. The need for others to turn to for advice and airion is the reason for maintaining a pop outicular root to interrelate with. 4. Interpersonal relationship is part and parcel of a work place in order to establish harmony and cling to cooperation with fellow workers. 5. The head picks or chooses somebody personally close to him/her to interrelate with group. 6. You feel insecure with group activity whether work related or personal interaction. 7. Your admiration and respect for the office head draws you advance apart from him/her. 8. Due to office interpersonal relationship with other workers, job dissatisfaction arises as an outcome of analogy or jealousy/envy. 9. An informal group consisting of selected employees is in unraveled to establish some type of conformity to ideas, beliefs, personal activities which may serve mutual interests.Thus, ostracizing or excluding others. 10. Interpersonal relationship is resorted by you with colleagues as a form of recognition and acceptance of personal identity in your part (Feeling of importance). 11. The latest gossip or tale is the mutual bound for interpersonal relationship. 12. The office head or superior maintains aloofness or distancing himself/herself thus, creating wisecrack in terms of interpersonal relationship with the rank and file. 13. The saying that intimacy breeds contempt really applies between a head and subordinates in close interpersonal relationship. 14. You prefer to be on your own a l mavenr or introvert, and do not establish any relationship with others. 15. Camaraderie or camaraderie makes you to experience sense of belonging by sharing viridity interests. This way, the informal group is the basis for interpersonal relationship. 16. You feel nervous and insecure in the presence of the office head. As a consequence a very impersonal and uncomfortable situation in the office becomes evident. 17. You stick to the present job or stay on because of the interpersonal relationship with loyal friends within the institution or work area. 18. Interpersonal relationship among your peers or co-workers for solidarity or a total sense of group allegiance for a common purpose. 19. The interpersonal relationship that exists in the institution is factional or consisting of small fragmented, splintered groups having to each ane its own motives and objectives. 20. Interpersonal relationship may become a recourse or outlet to confide problems and an avenue to express opinions on work related issues. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKWork AttitudeRespectfulnessCommitmentInnovationHelpfulnessInterpersonal RelationsWork ethicsChemistryFriendshipLoyalty INDEPENDENT VARIABLESDEPENDENT VARIABLESJob PerformanceAccuracy of workQuality of workQuantity of workTimelinessThe effect of attitudes on interpersonal relationships in the work iswell documented in scholarly psychology literature. However, opinions regarding the types of effects that result from disparate attitudes vary somewhat. Regardless of the opinion of scholars, it do es help for business owners to know how attitudes affect these relations among workers so that they bathroom hire the right kinds of people and excessively head off any potential problems among existing employees. 1. Cooperation* wholeness way in which attitudes affect interpersonal work relationships is evident in the way a official attitude merchant ship engender a sense of cooperation among workers. The tendency to think positively and approach each task with a can-do attitude can be infectious. When it comes to collaborating on projects, the positive attitude can spill over into the way employees cooperate with one another. Those who start projects with the expectation of completing the project on time and correctly give find no excuses for not getting the work done. Those who cooperate with one another on these types of projects will generally have more positive relations with one another. subdivision* Workers with a poor attitude about work and the tasks they are requir ed to complete will have a shun effect on those around them. Just as a positive attitude is infectious and spreads to others, so too do poor attitudes have a negative effect on worker relations. This can cause division in the workplace, making it difficult for employees to collaborate with one another, as the poor attitudes spill over into how they treat one another. * Sponsored Links* 3-Minute Chakra block outTake the Free Chakra Test to Find Out Which of Your Chakras Are Weak www.ChakraHealing.comSimilarity* Studies show that workers who have similar attitudes, positive or negative, will inevitably attract people with similar attitudes. A 2010 article published in the world(prenominal) Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology reveals that workers tend to develop relationships with colleagues who share the same outlook on the world. The recognition thatothers have similar attitudes and set will inevitably rent to the establishment of potentially long-term relations wit h these employees. The article points out that the establishment of such relationships has the reciprocal effect of elevating self-pride and strengthening the beliefs and values of those who did the attracting. discourse* Shared attitudes and values can strengthen interpersonal relations among workers by opening up the lines of colloquy. colloquy is essential for the growth of relationships among people, regardless of whether they are colleagues. Those who have positive attitudes and are open to interpersonal discourse with others will be more effective in developing positive interpersonal work relationships. Those with a negative attitude can be harder to communicate with because of their tendency to shut down or close themselves off from interacting with others. In short, the communion necessary for interpersonal relations is affected by the attitudes of the workers.Abstract decide Through the lens of social substitute possibleness and organisation support theory, the p urpose of this paper is to fancy the passive, aggressive, and imperative styles of managers/supervisory programs that influence perceived supervisory support and to test whether the support increases employees satisfaction with the conference of supervisors and their organisation-based self-esteem. It excessively assesses whether employees communication satisfaction and their self-esteem influence employees performance, commitment and absenteeism.Design/methodology/approach In total, cd employees from ten manufacturing firms in India were studied through questionnaire survey. Standard instruments were used to assess the constructs. A scale was substantial to measure the communication style of managers and a single item to assess absenteeism.Findings Results revealed that assertive style of communication lends maximum support to employees. Perceived supervisory support at the workplace enhances employees satisfaction with communication of supervisors and organisation-based se lf-esteem. joy with communication fosters a strong emotional bond with organisations and the emotional bond with organisations reduces employees absenteeism.Originality/value The paper shows that employees organisation-based self-esteem increases their job performance. Organisations can conduct training programs to develop an assertive communication style in their managers/supervisors to increase the support to subordinates thereby its positive consequences will follow in increasing employees performance and commitment and diminution absenteeism.IntroductionToday we are faced with the pre-eminent fact that, if civilization is to survive, we must cultivate the science of homo relationships (Roosevelt, 1945). Interpersonal relationships including social relations with one another are an essential part of organisational life and sustainable success. As far as communication is concerned, wrangling are only superficial aspects. Without gracious function, words can never convey the exact meaning to the other person. Effective communication draws relationships. Wyatt (2006) stated the following Effective communication is the lifeblood of a successful organization. It reinforces the organizations vision, connects employees to the business, fosters bear upon improvement, facilitates variety show, and drives business results by changing employee behaviour (p. 6). Managerial communication drives relationships and frames the attitudes and behaviours of employees in the workplace. Attitude has three components emotive, cognitive, and behavioural. opus the cognitive component represents the paygrade of stimuli in the mind, behaviours are actions or reactions that occur in response to those stimuli. In measuring attitudes, only affective/feeling components are assessed in connection with communication, organisations, managers, and situations. Positive attitudes manifest in well-adjusted behaviours and negative attitudes lead to the reverse. An historical overview of managerial communication shows that the way managers communicated with subordinates is markedly different from how they do today. While employees were previously regarded as the greatestasset of an organisation, the asset metaphor has been elevated to a new level. Organisations have started recognising employees as human capital owners and investors (Davenport, 1999). As a result, the emphasis on communication content has shifted to behaviour as a part of the communication process because employees interpretation of supervisory communication depends not only on what is state but in like manner on how it is said. A people-centred strategy is an important source of competitive advantage because, contrary technology, costs, or new product development, it is difficult to imitate (Pfeffer, 1998). Managers can create an environment through communication where employees feel happier and more passionate about their jobs and exhibit attitudes and behaviours necessary for improved organ isational performance. BackgroundBlaus (1964) social exchange theory is among the intimately influential conceptual paradigms for under sustaining workplace behaviours. Social exchange theory is based on a central premise that the exchange of social and material resources is a unplumbed form of human interaction. When two parties who are in a state of reciprocal interdependence interact with each other, obligations are generated (Saks, 2006). Organisational support theory, derived from social exchange theory, explains how the support of organisations affects the behaviours of employees (Eisenberger et al., 1986). It suggests that employees form a global perception of the extent to which the organisation cares about their well-being and demonstrates appreciation, called perceived organisational support (POS). Supervisors are regarded as representatives of the organisation. If employees perceive the supervisor/organisation as supportive, they feel an obligation to return this suppor t (Rhoades and Eisenberger, 2002) in the form of favourable attitudes and behaviours that assist employees performance. POS manifests in increase in in-role and extra-role performance and decrease in stress and withdrawal behaviours such as absenteeism and turnover. Assessing such constructs quantitatively, the effects of managerial communication on employees attitudes and behaviours can be gauged. Although relational concerns have been at the heart of management question for decades, the power of relationships has become even more salient both for employees and organisations. Accordingly, divergence beyond the social exchange theory (Blau,1964) and organisation support theory (Eisenberger et al., 1986 Rhoades and Eisenberger, 2002 Shore and Shore, 1995), this study investigates the push of perceived managerial communication styles on employees attitudes and behaviours through perceived supervisory support (PSS) vis--vis POS. Social exchange theory suggests that if a superior (o n behalf of the organisation) confers a social gift on a subordinate, the latter will feel obligated to reciprocate. POS is defined as employees perceptions about the degree to which the organisation cares about their well-being and values their contributions. Organisation support theory suggests that the development of POS is the employees tendency to assign humanlike characteristics to the organisation (Rhoades and Eisenberger, 2002). POS represents an indispensable part of the social exchange relationship between employees and the employer because it implies what the organisation has done for its employees. The supervisor on behalf of the organisation extends support to subordinates. Subordinates perceiving support of supervisors vis--vis organisations cultivate positive attitudes and engage in extra-role behaviours. Subordinates are unlikely to hold favourable attitudes and behaviours when the discussion is negative or neutral (Rhoades and Eisenberger, 2002). Reciprocity and st rong mutual care are emphasised in Indian polish (Srivastava et al., 2008).Indian culture stresses interdependence, sharing, and harmony with the surrounding world. While horizontal orientation and rationalism are cute by Indians, hierarchical orientation and emotionalism are also being valued (Sinha and Kanungo, 1997). The family structure in India is a close knit unit. Decisions are made only after prior(prenominal) consultation with the family members. Making important decisions without talking to the family is considered offensive and implies a lack of respect. These human aspects of Indian culture may have implications in the workplace. This study stresses the human function of managerial communication, a concept overlook in communication style research. The human function embedded in communication of managers/supervisors can affect the work relationships that can facilitate or retard employees/subordinates attitudes and behaviours (Varona, 2002). While human relations pra ctices play a key role in developing and maintaining the exchange relationship between the employee and the organisation (Aggarwal and Bhargava, 2009), extant research offers little insight on appropriate managerial communication style that can help to pretend high levels of support. The role of social relationships is yet to be explicitly investigated. An issue that needs to be communicate is the specific styles of managerial communication that can promote or demote relationship building. To address this issue, one potentially helpful approach is to establish a link between the effective managerial communication styles and development of positive supervisor-subordinate relationships.Review of literature and development of hypothesesCommunication stylesManagement is a process of working with and through others to achieve organisational objectives in an efficient manner (Lwehabura and Matovelo, 2000). Managing employees is enacted through communication (Holladay and Coombs, 1993). The way one verbally, non-verbally and para-verbally interacts to augur how literal meaning should be taken, interpreted, filtered or understood, is known as the communication style (Norton, 1983, p. 58). Norton (1983) classifies communication styles into ten different types dominant, dramatic, contentious, animated, impression-leaving, relaxed, attentive, open, friendly, and precise. McCallister (1992), combining Nortons (1983) styles, classifies communication styles into noble, reflective, and socratic. Comstock and Higgins (1997), merge Nortons styles to four clusters of communication styles cooperative, apprehensive, social, and competitive. Analogous to McCallisters threefold typology of communication styles, Heffner (1997) groups the communication styles into aggressive, passive, and assertive (Ibrahim and Ismail, 2007). Noble style is directive and straightforward and may be equated with aggressive style. Reflective style is non-directive and may be parallel with passive s tyle. Socratic style emphasises on analysis of details and debates and may be similar to assertive style. To understand the human aspects of managerial communication and the formation of interpersonal relations in organisations, Heffners classification of communication styles can be choose to study perceived managerial communication styles. Heffners communication styles appear simpler and emphasise more on human relations in workplace than McCallisters communication styles. Managers practice various communication styles. However, oftentimes one type dominants and becomes habitual.In passive communication style, managers avoid to express their needs, feelings, and feel shy to encourage their rights. In aggressive communication style, managers express their feelings and opinions and advocate for their needs in a way that violates the rights of employees. While passive managers are unremarkably unable to convey the full thrust of their message, causing irritation, delays, and rewor k, aggressive managers tend to be less concerned with moving things along than in preserving their own status and power over employees, though they may be successful in completing short-term goals (Newbold, 1997). Between these two extreme point styles, is the assertive style. Assertiveness is a behaviour that enables managers to act in their own best interest and to stand up for themselves without denying rights of others (Arredondo, 2003). It facilitates good interpersonal interaction (Lwehabura and Matovelo, 2000) and is characterised by honesty, objectivity, openness, tolerance, accuracy, self-expression, and respect for self and others. Assertiveness can be used for creating mutual understanding and fulfilling objectives (Lwehabura and Matovelo, 2000). Assertive managers respect the needs of employees and go through the mental process of assessing what they need to know and how. Assertive managers also have the skills and confidence to challenge ambiguity and misunderstanding ( Newbold, 1997). When the communication style of managers is straightforward and accurate, employees view managers as trustworthy (Tschannen-Moran and Hoy, 2000).This openness facilitates employees understanding of tasks and enables responsible decision making (Moye and Henkin, 2006). Assertive managers differ from aggressive managers. Aggressive managers attack or ignore employees opinions in favour of their own. They usually react to the given situation in a rude, derogatory, and sarcastic manner which escalates employees anxiety. On the other hand, assertive managers state their opinions while being respectful to employees. While aggressive managers fail to establish relationships with their employees, assertive managers build long-term relationships. The assertive communication style enables a manager to express his/her opinions and thoughts in a direct way without attacking others, refuse an unreasonable request without feeling guilty, give employees constructive feedback instea d of animadversion, give recognition and praise to employees at the right time and create a motivational climate, carry a firm message by asking questions through a clever approach orask effective questions to probe for facts and provoke for ideas, trust employees, and create a collaborative and congenial working environment. Employee attitudes can make or break business profitability and sustainability efforts. Although it can be difficult to change the atmosphere in a toxic workplace, its possible with positive thinking and actions. Listening to employee complaints and offer constructive feedback and resolutions encourages positive thinking. Learning how to appease and motivate employees can salvage talent from even the most negative work environments. Once you manage to change employee attitudes, your business can move in a positive direction.Todays business world has just one constantchange. No issuance what industry your company competes in, the business environment is alwa ys evolving. In order to survive, your business must also evolve. Too often your employees will encounter these environmental changes and respond with a negative attitude. Poor employee attitudes can derail your business efforts. This makes the managing of employee attitudes a critical management function.A negative attitude in the workplace is expressed as cynicism about job tasks, a disinterest in working with others and insubordination toward authority. The negative attitude may be subtle for example, the employee may come in late or make frequent sarcastic comments. Both overt and discreet expressions have ramifications on an office environment. Dorene Ciletti, author of grocery store Yourself, states that a worker who exudes a negative attitude tends to be monitored carefully and is unlikely to be promoted. Coworkers also express caution about working with an individual who may weigh the project down with his sorry attitude.An employee with a positive attitude shows enthusias m and curiosity about her job. She is invested in the outcome of projects and the company as a whole. Harold Wallace, author of Personal Development for Life and Work, explains that an employee with a positive attitude has the potential to electrify the entire workplace. Such an attitude has the potential to increase worker productivity and overall job satisfaction.

Destiny and Frankenstein Essay

Destiny was too potent, and her immutable laws had positive my utter and terrible destruction. passe-partout Frankenstein says this right before telling Walton his story.Destiny shrink fromed an important role in the confine Frankenstein. Victor sees it as the sol bring outrs that caused his downf all. He blames most of what has happened on heap. At first it was his extremity to build the heavyweight, afterwards he says it is his destiny to destroy it. Victor feltas if around force was making him experiment, that some force was making him tiller the monster and he had no witness over it. This is why when he was building the monster he shut him self take from e reallything else and putted himself to his experiment. He didnt choose to do this but something was driving him to, and it world power submit been his curiosity and his wanting to cheat death, or play god, or do something no maven else had ever arrogatee before, but also, he may throw a carriage had those ch aracteristics because he was destined to comport them. Maybe this all happened so he and others can understand that you shouldnt play god, but then after he built the monster it was his destiny to destroy it.As a result of Victors actions, many of his loved ones died, Elizabeth, William, Justine, and his father. After Victor made the monster his destiny became to be punished for it, but could Victor have prevented all this? Maybe, and maybe not. The answer to that caput depends on whether you guess in destiny or not. Is destiny really so aright that Victor had no control over it? Could Victors destiny have been different if he hadnt built the monster? Could Victor have sustained from building the monster, or was destiny too powerful? How about the part when Victor destroys the female monster, what would have happened if Victor hadnt destroyed it, or was it his destiny to destroy it? Later on in the book he follows the monster into the cold, what if he didnt, would he have still died? In all of this Victor made decisions, he decided whether or not to go off to college, he decided whether or not to build the monster, he decided whether or not to build the female, he decided whether or not to chase after the monster, but where these really his decisions, or was it his destiny to end up on Waltons ship? Victor told Walton his story and showed what wanting to look into the unvalued can lead to, in the end, Waltons ship turns around and decides not to find the labor union Pole.I retrieve that it was Victors destiny for all this to happen because in the end all that he has done was told to teach Walton a lesson. Destiny is said to be a powerful force which determines your future. If you deal in destiny, you confide that everyone was put on this earth for a reason and everything you do is for a reason. Believing in destiny means that when you do something, even though you might think you are making a decision on your own, you are really carrying out your de stiny. I do believe that destiny does have a big part on deals lives. I believe that many of the decisions you take in, you make them because it was your fate to make them. There are many examples in peoples lives that can make you think, what would have happened if I had done this differently? Or, was it my fate for this to happen, or just the results of my mistakes.A couple eld ago my aunt died in a train accident, and everyone started opinion, if she had been on a different train, or if she was novel and couldnt get on the train, or if she hadnt been on the trip, would she still have died? I believe that it was her destiny to go on that train because it was her time to die. Another example of this is about this girl that I know, when she was younger her parents, brother and sister died in a car accident. She always regrets that she stayed home mold on that day and didnt die right along with them. But I think that she was spared for a reason, maybe shell make a difference in someones life. Destiny is a very powerful thing. Many people think factors can alter destiny, one being not winning responsibilities for your actions, which is what Victor did. He refused to blame what happened on himself. If you believe in destiny too much, you slack off and dont enterprise to change for the better, and you dont take care of yourself because you think, whatever happens it is qualifying to be the same no matter what I do because it is my destiny and its been already decided.In the book Victor blamed most of the things that happened on destiny and didnt take responsibility for most of them. He refused to blame what happened as his own doing. When he was building the monster, he didnt try to stop himself, when the monster came to life he ran away, he left Elizabeth alone for a second on his wedding night thinking he was the one the monster was after, he then chased after the monster thinking it was his destiny to do so which caused his death. He believed everythi ng that happened was his destiny and that he could not have altered it. When you believe in destiny you try to do what you think your destiny has planned out for you, and even if you dont you still do what was planned, even if youre wrong about your destiny it always catches up with you. Lets say some guy thinks its his destined is to become a doctor, he tries and he tries and he becomes one but later on he realizes being a lawyer is the job for him, because that was his destiny.Some people who believe in destiny slack of because they think that whatever happens, I couldnt have prevented it, they might lets say start smoking and think if I die from this its because it was my destiny to do so. Then they die from it and some people think it may have been prevented, but I believe that even if he didnt believe in destiny he would have taken up smoking because the way he would die had already been decided for him. Lets say someone commits suicide, people always think it could have been p revented, but I believe they died because it was their destiny, if it wasnt their time to die yet, they may have tried to commit suicide but wouldnt have succeeded.So in reality you cant even control when you die, like when Napoleon tried to kill himself with that powerful poison and failed, it wasnt his time to die yet. So in conclusion I believe that everything that happened to Victor was the result of destiny. I dont believe that it happened because he gave in too much to his curiosity. I believe it was his destiny to have this curiosity, to look into the unknown and to try to have the power to create life. What led him to this was the death of his mother this made him want to try to reanimate the dead, it was his mothers destiny to die so that Victors destiny would be fulfilled. So it wasnt Victors characteristics that led him to fall, he had those characteristics because he was destined to fall.

Community Based Participatory Planning As Renovation Policy Environmental Sciences Essay

urban center of capital of Iran is enduring from huge dilapidated countries which ingest both social every art object good as strong-arm diminution. This job has been reflected in urban exploitation policies that make believe been established by authorities governments every bit good as the city counsellors and private stakeh aged(prenominal)ers. To face with this job, Tehran municipality has established a headman renovation organisation. During the last decennaries assorted policies has been satisfactory and implemented by this organisation. The paper would reexamine and analyse these policies and the result of their executions.The policies vary from strictly somatic renovation of the dilapidated countries which does non requires the net trim of the topical anesthetic occupant in the planning and design social occasion and sop up relied altogether on cardinal determination devising and support. On the manus, subtracticipatory planning procedure was promoted and na tural rapes have been adopted to profit from the bing societal capital and to construct upon the strengths of the occupants and their societal webs to suggest programs and to implement them.Khazaneh is located in southern Tehran, and is the focal point of an existent redevelopment undertaking reported in this paper. present a participatory planning attack is adapted and new local councils atomic number 18 established to seek occupants penetrations into the local program and to inform them of the thoughts of contrivers. This has provided a bipartisan planning organization, which is embracing both the ends of the cardinal planning system every bit good as the purposes of the local community.Keywords-Tehran, Dilapidated vicinities, Renovation, Participation.IntroductionCities ar unrecorded entities that are propellant and active and are invariably restituting themselves cell by cell. Cities grow bit by bit, during which vicinities are shaped. As dynamic entities, their physical prime(a) and societal position alteration over clip. This dynamic being unremarkably self-repairs itself in both physical and societal sense. save sometimes this natural procedure of determining and reshaping is break up or malfunctioned. At such(prenominal) times/places, the natural growing procedures are non equal to keep the quality of life and environment. This malfunction may be due to absolute poorness as in spend status, or due to comparative poorness and variation which itself causes a barbarous circle. In this state of affairs norm all toldy deprived countries take form and as a consequence, dilapidated vicinities go a initiation of capitals. To interrupt this barbarous circle it is required to step in and mend the malfunction of these chief citys, to be able to make the ego fix and eliminate the deserted vicinities.Normally any intercessions to cover with sum total countries of metropoliss in order to heighten quality of life are conducted from top-down, as it i s normally conducted by governments with small amour of occupants. Any intercession without citizen particular date has societal, economical, cultural and political effects that should be considered. unrivalled the most of importee negative responses is opposition of citizen to any betterment of the locality as they do non swear governments.techniques of redevelopmentsIn order to reinstate dilapidated vicinities assorted methods can be adopted. Habibi and Maghsoudi ( 2005 ) acknowledge four types of intercessions in the deprived vicinities.Preservation and curative method that enhances environmental qualitiesPreservation and adorning method that enhance and continue the picturesque and architectural quality of the metropolis, such as continuing ocular corridors and octogenarian edifices and making a feasible construction for the vicinitiesRebuilding of metropoliss as it happens after any catastrophes. Man made or natural catastrophes. This method of redevelopment is aimed to retrace national pride.Renovation of bedraggled vicinities can done with any of this methodsDilapidated vicinity in metropolis of TehranTehran, the capital and largest metropolis of Iran is located in southern inclines of Alborz Mountains and is stretched over 40 kilometers to the south towards desert. Teheran is merely 200 old ages old, and merely during the past half century had a rapid population growing and physical enlargement. The metropolis had a really fast growing during both the 2nd Pahlavi rein and particularly the past quarter century after the Islamic Revolution. Rundown vicinities are the sad world of metropolis of Tehran.Dilapidated or rundown vicinities are the most of import job of metropolis of Tehran, asThe country of the bedraggled vicinity in Tehran is 3268 hectare which is 15 % of the metropolis countryAbout of half of the lodging units of the metropolis are located in this vicinitiesApproximately 40 % of Tehran s population is populating in these vicinities. They are among the poorest quite a little of the metropolis.Physical, functional, substructure, transit services, environmental factors, societal and economical status are really hapless in these countries. unhealthy life conditions and risky locationsMost of these countries are located in the southern portion of the metropolis postpone I compares the services degrees of these countries with norm of these indexs in the metropolis degree. As can be considered lodging countries is double as it is the remainder of the metropolis which a mark of instability.Table IComparing per centum and per capita of come to utilizations in bedraggled vicinity and metropolis of TehranLand usageDilapidated VicinitiesAverage in City of TehranProposed criterion for TehranPercentagePer capitaPercentagePer capitaResidential29.0418.7623.5422.7720.93Green countries3.631.398.468.189.12Urban services5.352.056.035.8410.9Retails and delegacys5.302.033.473.361.94 theodolite system and storage1.79.694.494.345. 19Roadss27.3210.4518.7318.1124.81Some of the physical indexs of decrepitude of vicinities as defined by ministry of lodging and urban planning in 1999 are A- Poor quality of the constructions of the edifices that can non defy even low magnitude temblor forces, B- unequal permeableness of vicinities specially unequal auto entree to such countries. C- Small penetrate in the morphology of these countries ( less than 200 square metres ) .In add-on to the preceding(prenominal) standards of acknowledging dilapidated vicinities harmonizing to distinguishable definitions the common standards for acknowledgment of these types of vicinities areLack of societal, economic every bit good as physical qualityLack of proper entree, substructure and services in the vicinitiesVulnerability of constructions to natural catastrophes due to old and unstable constructionsInability to restitute edifices due to poorness and deficiency of capital for investingOut migration of occupants and societal inst ability due to replacement of new occupants with weaker economical baseLegal jobs due to inheritance Torahs and gift ordinancesSome of the jobs that rose in Tehran due to the dilapidated countries areEconomic and societal inequality as a consequence of polarisation in the metropolis ( Abbaszadegan, Rezazadeh 2006 ) .Domination of physical orientated urban planning that does non concern with societal and economical conditionsLack of handiness due to narrow and unequal roadstead which causes hapless permeableness of vicinitiesLow value of belongingss in the disadvantaged countries of the metropolis, therefore the redevelopment of the private land and belongingss is non economically plausibleLack of adequate and appropriate servicesLow building quality which causes edifices to rundown quicklyPrecedence TO RENOVATION OF TEHRANHowever urban redevelopment was an retire in Tehran, after entry and blessing of Tehran s maestro program in 1969, the issue gained a new impulse. This program p roposed 2000 hectares of the lowest quality residential vicinities to be renovated within a 25 old ages period, in which 600,000 people would be replaced from their topographic points of abode. Tehran s Renovation Corporation was established in 1972 and in 1977, the South Tehran Renovation and reconstruction Corporation was established where extended dilapidated countries of the metropolis were located. In 1995 a new mission narrative for the redevelopment corporation was developed harmonizing on which this corporation could advance development in these countries through mount. This funding is through Bankss and other fiscal institutes and could besides be through portions every bit good as credits.Since 2004 authorization programs for bedraggled countries were proposed this was conducted in three stages. After execution of each stage the programs were evaluated and the range of the work was revised. This alterations and alterations were chiefly off from the up-bottom type atta ck towards a stronger citizen participatory attack. Renovation Corporation of Tehran designate the undermentioned ends for redevelopment of bedraggled vicinitiesSafety increasing safety of edifice in facing human beings temblors.Equity to do equal chance for development of the metropolis and non to hold polarized metropolis by regenerate dilapidated vicinities and eradicate poorness, heightening quality of life in the disadvantaged countries and doing equal chances for all citizens of the metropolis. revitalisation heightening sense of citizenship and sense of belonging to districts and giving significance to topographic points through utilizing individuality particle and maximising engagement of occupants in redevelopment procedure in the disadvantaged countriesCapacity edifice utilizing chances that have been offered for the redevelopment of bedraggled vicinities in order to increase the capacity of the metropolis in conformity with its national, regional and international func tions.THE CONTEMPORARY RENOVATION PROCESSThe Reconstruction of Tehran shows a transition from the absolute Reconstruction towards participatory Reconstruction. One of the major Reconstruction undertakings of Tehran is related to Navaab vicinity. This old and dilapidated vicinity was located in southern parts of Tehran, which is now dissected with a north-south main road into two parts. The Reconstruction of the undermentioned vicinity has been conducted without seeking any engagement from the people.These intercessions were chiefly technocratic, autocratic and top-bottom. The occupants of these three vicinities were chiefly hapless and endangered and in all instances they were displaced. Merely in the last two instances, the Moft Abad and Khoob Bakht neighborhoods the supplanting was into the nearest possible topographic point to their old vicinity.Jabbari and Hasanzadeh ( 2008 ) have shown that these vicinities which are revitalized through a top-down and autocratic attack have confronted many jobs. These jobs are summarized in table II.TABLE IITHE EXPERIENCE OF RENOVATION IN THREE DIFFERENT NEIGHBORHOODS IN TEHRANStandardsSalsabilMoft AbadKhoob BakhtIntervension attackTechnocratic, autocratic and top-downTechnocratic, autocratic and top-downTechnocratic, autocratic and top-downSocio-economic groupPoor and vulnerablePoor and vulnerablePoor and vulnerablePlacelessnessmuch non knownNot knownsupplantingCompulsory( completed )Compulsory in neighboring countries unpaid in outlying countries( In rise )Compulsory in next and outlying countries( In advancement )Engagement IN URBAN RENOVATIONContrasting to the autocratic attack is the participatory attack which is a bottom-up attack and seeks citizen engagement. participatory planning is an urban planning paradigm which emphasizes affecting the full community in the strategic and pleader procedures of urban planning or community-level planning procedures. In urban redevelopment procedure, engagement is a new att ack which could be applied in both planning and design procedure.Cowan ( 2005 ) believes that engagement is a procedure in which complex the populace with the alterations in the metropolis, therefore its application would supply a key to development in all facets of urban life. Harmonizing to Oxford dictionary engagement is people s mental and emotional engagement in societal activities and encourages them to assist each other in order to accomplish group ends. Here the three chief issues of importance in engagement are involvement, helping and undertaking duty.Sherry Arnstein ( 1971 ) introduced this construct as a contrasting and alternate to autocratic attack of planning. Smith ( 1973 ) argued that citizen engagement is an indispensable component in doing the planning procedure a acquisition system. This leads to a strengthening of the definition and function of communities in the urban system, and to an unexpected demand of contrivers who would follow a participatory planning p rocedure.Shirvani ( 1985 ) identifies two types of attacks in the overall dodge these are facilitator attack and political militant attack. Harmonizing to Shirvani ( 1985 ) , facilitator attack uses participatory methods for both job definition and propagation of design solution.Sanoff ( 2000 ) defines facilitation as a agencies of conveying people together to aim what they wish to make and assisting them find ways to work together in make up ones minding how to make it .Sherry Arnstein ( 1971 ) equates citizen engagement with citizen authorization which explains it through the participatory ladder. It starts from the lowest degrees of engagement which are use and therapy to middle scope of engagement which includes ratting, confer withing and conciliation, and at long last at the highest degree of engagement are partnership, deputing power and eventually citizen control.As is seen in lower degrees of the engagement ladder, the act is merely pro forma and there are non any tru e power handed into the citizens. However at the in-between scope there are non much to lose, so informing and confer withing are practiced. However the highest degrees involve passing in power to citizens.In Tehran, there was an fervor toward application of participatory planning in redevelopment procedure. However, this attack has non been really prospering at first, since in this procedure planning fiscal resources and societal support were hard. During the first two old ages of its beginning merely 400 residential units were renovated and occupants were non take parting in the procedure as was expected, which disappointed Members of Tehran City Council.However, for a successful participatory planning attack, the procedure must be turned into a procedure of increasing enthusiasm and passion for redevelopment. This includesIncreasing degree of servicesEnhancing the quality of lifeBettering the societal positionPromoting sense of topographic point fond regardFollowing this alter ation of attitude and attack, go forthing the autocratic Reconstruction and use participatory attack, the Renovation Corporation of Tehran, had to alter the range of the work in three stages. Table trinity compares these three stages. There are considerable alterations in favour of increasing citizenship power. One of these alterations which were proposed in the third stage was constitution of Local Renovation Offices.Table IIIPHASES OF RENOVATION SCOPE OF WORK AND startPhases and undertakingsScope of workApproachs and ActionsPhase I2006-2007Imam AliClassifying societal groupsAppraisal of safety and security issues view of societal issues through questionnaireDesignation of stakeholder groupsMaximum intercessionProvision of 4 secret plan agglomeration programs without societal studyProcurement of land and devastation of edifices to make unfastened infinites melody on appropriate physical designPhase II2007-2008Saboonpaz-khanehAnalyzing population denseness and socio-economic dive rsenessInterview with stakeholders and helpers burble development and impressive treating societal institutes for execution procedureEstablishing Local Office was discussed, but non realizedPresence in mosques to inform people and do usage of their thoughtsInvestigating societal capitalRegular intercessionParticipating in public coming togethers and listening to occupantsDiscontinuing informing people and public engagement procedureReducing figure of agglomerative packages, normally restricting to two packagesContinuing the bing local construction and forestalling high degrees of intercession difference redevelopment of residential packages to occupantsProposing stimulating undertakingsPhase III2008-2010KhazanehDifferentiation between demographic and societal surveiesSing the quality of occupant s leisure clipInvestigating occupants demandsInvestigating positive and negative societal featuresStressing the function of civil establishments and vicinity councilsMeasuring societal c apital and its function in redevelopmentAcknowledging of formal and informal webs of power in vicinityEstablishing Local Renovation Office for audience1- constitution of the office2- advancing engagement of stakeholder groups3- developing the local redevelopment commission4- participatory planningMinimizing intercession render necessary public servicesSupplying appropriate residential typesDeveloping incorporate programs with advisers in next countriesDeveloping proposal in 3 types of upper limit, lower limit and regular intercessionStress on redevelopment promoting undertakingsEstablishing the vicinity Renovation Office for informing, showing and polishing program based on occupants demandsStressing structural supportSupplying awards for agglomeration of packagesIncreasing FAR for larger agglomerative packagesDeveloping specific guidelines for the countryLocal redevelopment officeIn 2008 Renovation Corporation of Tehran decided to establish local redevelopment offices in bedraggle d vicinities. The chief committee of these offices was to ease the occupants engagement in the redevelopment procedure. The Scopess of work of these offices areFacilitation to acknowledge stakeholders and doing regular meeting with occupantsPublicizing and publicity to heighten economic and societal positionCommiting to advance forming societal every bit good as economical groups that advocate redevelopment and rehabilitation of the deprived vicinities.Members of these offices are from local land boroughs, local counsellors, local clergy, members of local stakeholders such as adult females s leaders, local retail representatives.One of these offices has been established in Khazaneh vicinity that is one of the bedraggled vicinities in southern Tehran. Writer of this article was involved in activities of this office during 2008-2010. One of the challenges that this office was faced with was happening common land to discourse jobs, as different stakeholders preferred to raise their a in issues. Therefore it was critical to hold their assurance that all the issues get out be dealt with harmonizing to the precedences of the vicinity as it was put frontward by the local council.DecisionThe redevelopment experience in metropolis of Tehran shows that in any urban intercession in order to restitute the bedraggled vicinities, it is critical to hold clear schemes that maximize citizen engagement and continue the spirit of topographic point. Sing the above scheme the undermentioned recommendations are advisedIn the planning scheme human cost and take in should be considered as the chief indexs of redevelopment policyResidents should actively take part in be aftering their hereafter, as they should be good informed and portion of planning procedureResidents function in all the programs should be crystallineThe governments and local counsellors should move transparent so that occupant can swear their activities and programs solely kinds of engagement techniques and prop er methods of communicating should be employed in order to understand the local jobs and issue and reassigning thoughts and programs in order to acquire equal responsesAny kind of gentrification is non recommendedIf replacing of occupants is necessary, it should be clearly explained, as of how it affects different groups and stakeholders.Different planning and design options should be presented in order to supply assorted picks for occupants miscellaneous local capacity and invention should be recognizedNon-governmental organisations should be mobilized for the redevelopment of deprived countries and they should take part in different phases of planning and design procedureEncouraging policies should be considered in order to melt down occupants to restitute their summation houses and edifices