Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals of Florida

The Evolution Of A Protein Enzyme - 2208 Words

Over the past years the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) has been debated on what exactly it is. It is known to be the start of all living things. Many scientists suggest that LUCA is simply a formation of molecular fragments that evolution has played a role on. Others argue about if LUCA was a cell or not. Overall, with the most recent research and proof, the LUCA is a complex cell in which has similar cell structure to the common cell we study today. According to intensive research, they have found storage of polyphosphate within the organelle that once was assumed to be lost in bacteria and archaea. This validation of research has proven to be in three main domains such as archaea, eukaryotes (animals, algae, plant, and etc.) and bacteria (Science Daily. 2008). Due to the commonality of this structure, there have been scientists who refer and compare to the organelle in singled-cell eukaryotes called acidocalcisome. A protein enzyme within the acidocalcisome is traced back in history that is common all throughout the bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. This protein was then used to distinctively make a so-called family tree to trace back through time through all three of these domains. This tree has shown the various different genes that were commonly related to each three domains as well as being compared to the tree constructed for the universal common ancestor. With the few distinct evidence provided, the LUCA was hypothesized to be a more complex than the mostShow MoreRelatedWhat Can Studies Of Serine Proteases Tell Us About The Relationship Between Protein Structure, Function And Evolution?887 Words   |  4 PagesWhat can studies of serine proteases tell us about the relationship between protein structure, function and evolution? Serine proteases are a group of important proteases which can fracture the peptide bond in the macromolecules and proteins. 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Literature Review on Construction of Healthcare for Aged

Question: Discuss about the Literature Review on Construction of Healthcare for Aged. Answer: Literature Review The literature review is based on a risk management plan in the construction of healthcare for aged people. The identification of risks in construction project follows a systematic way to analyze the risks and then respond to the risks in order to achieve the objectives of the project. The benefit of this risk management plan is to identify the risks and analyze it using quantitative risk analysis technique to make improvement in the construction of healthcare project (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). Contingency plan and funding are required to plan for the improvement of risks and mitigates it using best possible techniques. Introduction The healthcare sector is always under aggressive pressure to upgrade as well as enlarge their infrastructure as per the current and advanced technologies. Bromiley et al., (2015) stated that as new technology increases the demand of the aged people and patient, therefore it requires building and constructing a healthcare for them. Banerjee (2016) opined that when there is a high probability of risk in constructing of healthcare, then the risk management team should plan for managing the risk with keep in mind the health and protection of the patients. Risk Management Each of the construction projects within the healthcare sector needs risk assessment plan to give a better environment to the aged people. Therefore, pre-construction planning is required to start the project plan. Driver and Bernard (2012) discussed the healthcare construction plan should ensure people that they are following renovations of their healthcare based on rules and regulations of the healthcare sector, federal as well as local laws. Paape and Spekle (2012) pointed that during the planning process of the healthcare; firstly, the design engineers should develop high detailed design drawings of the healthcare infrastructure and then planned for further innovations. The planning process should take entire infrastructure, which supplies the construction area. Tolerance of risk Grotsch, Blome and Schleper (2013) stated that there are three various viewpoints of risk tolerance in the construction project such as project manager, stakeholder as well as the organization. The risk tolerance of the organization is based on the financial stability of the organization as well as diversification (Christoffersen, 2012). The risk tolerance of the project manager reflected security of a job as well as organizational culture. Finally, stakeholder's is based on objectives of the project plan. Sometimes, there is a failure in an interaction between project stakeholder as well as a manager. Thamhain (2013) argued that the organizations acceptance of the risk changes throughout the project duration. In the below curve, it is seen that from the week 1 to week 4, there is a constant rise in project risks. Therefore the risk management team takes proper step to reduce those risks. In week 5, week 6 and week 7, the risk decreases and finally in week 8, the risk tolerance reduc es to 2. Figure 1: Risk tolerance curve (Source: Created by author) Decision making under risk Mansfield et al., (2015) opined that the financial, as well as industry status, affects the risk tolerance of the construction project. Mace et al., (2015) argued that due to limited resources of the healthcare sector the risk management team takes a decision to overcome the issues. The risks, which are raised in the construction project, are due to over budget, lack of communication, finish late, out of scope as well as improper project management plan. Most of the participants are not agreeing with risk tolerance levels; therefore, it influences levels of a project lifecycle. With time, this risk leads to costly to the organization. Hajdu (2013) concluded that most of the risks are related to negative outcomes due to lack of understanding of risk tolerance factors. Therefore, decision making under risk is required to construct the healthcare for aged people so that the healthcare infrastructure should be constructed within time and budget as an estimate (Lam, 2014). The organizatio n should have best organization culture in order to support proper decision taking steps as well as innovation. Pre-construction plan is taken as better decision-making process for selected construction project. Risk Management Process Risk management plan Hwang, Zhao and Toh (2014) stated that in order to overcome with the risks of the construction project, at first a risk management plan is required to identify the risks in the project work. It is the responsibility of project manager to identify emerging risks. For controlling the risks, the project manager should plan for services; estimate the deadline of risks, quality assurance, and analysis of the construction contracts. Hwang and Ng (2013) discussed the risk management plan consists of three processes such as risk identification, risk response as well as risk control. These three processes are required for the construction project plan. Identification of both internal, as well as external factors, is required so that the management team should take possible steps to overcome with those risks for successfully constructs the healthcare infrastructure. Figure 2: Risk management plan (Source: Hwang Ng, 2013, pp-277) Risk Identification Kikwasi (2013) opined that risk identification determines which risks are affecting the construction project of healthcare. It should be performed on the daily basis throughout the entire project plan. Risk identification deals with both interiors as well as exterior risks of the project. Wirba, Tah and Howes (2012) concluded that the internal risks are a budget estimation and assignments of staff. The external risks are those, which are beyond the control of the project team. The tools and techniques, which are used to identify the risks, are brainstorming, survey, feedback from the employees, workshops as well as interviews (Kerzner, 2013). The risk management team identifies the following risks while constructing a healthcare for aged. Error in the design of the healthcare infrastructure: The design manager should design a healthcare infrastructure, which should meet the project goals. Hwang, Zhao and Toh (2014) pointed that error in the design of the infrastructure while designing will result in poor planning. The design of the structure is vital for any construction project plan. Risk due to not using usual construction agreements: Each of the construction project plans should follow the construction agreements. Grotsch, Blome and Schleper (2013) argued that if the construction team does not follow the construction rules and regulations, then there is a chance of a breakdown of the healthcare building. This particular healthcare project should follow strict rules based on the project plan. Schedule risk: Within estimated time, the construction of the project is not possible to do. It will influence the finish date of the plan, which gives an adverse effect on the budget (Kendrick, 2015). The time delay is due to lack of resources and improper planning. Raw materials and equipment issue: In the case of a construction project, the raw materials as well as equipment used not of best quality. Therefore, there is a chance of a breakdown of the healthcare building (Rigby Bilodeau, 2015). The management should review the quality of the raw materials before its usage. Procurement risk: There is a risk of lack of specialized expertise for the project work. Sometimes, the experts and labors work for the project have a lack of skills to design the infrastructure. As this healthcare is constructed for aged people, therefore it uses many advanced technologies equipment to build the IT infrastructure (Driver Bernard, 2012). If the labors have the lack of technical knowledge, then they are not able to construct the proper infrastructure for the project work. Security risk: The security of the blueprint of the healthcare infrastructure is required. The share of the blueprint with others as well as any third party should hamper the entire project work (Kendrick, 2015). The risk of not putting project insurance: The risks arise when the construction team is not placing project insurance when the project is valued of $1 billion. They are required to put their plan under the construction insurance program. The insurance policies of the contractor are not covering the policies under the insurance rules and regulations. Budget risk: A construction project requires a high value of cost to build the building. As it is healthcare construction plan, therefore high cost of equipment is required for the aged people to take care of their health (Pritchard PMP, 2014). However, the plan requires enough funding. Risk Analysis Wirba, Tah and Howes (2012) opined that within the construction project, scheduling of the project plan is considered as mainly critical factors. In order to analyze the identified risks, PERT technique is used to identify the duration of the risks for the project work. This technique takes part of the uncertainties, which are recognized in the construction process. Due to the risks in the project, it takes more time to complete the plan as estimated. Grotsch, Blome and Schleper (2013) stated that the PERT technique is used to carry out the schedule risk assessment of the construction project. It will stimulate the time taken by each of the risks. Then, the actual time was taken and probability to complete the plan is estimated. Hwang, Zhao and Toh (2014) stated that using the PERT technique; the construction team could identify the total duration of the identified risk in the project plan. In order to estimate the total time, at first optimistic, pessimistic and most likely time are estimated for the risks to occur. Mansfield et al., (2015) opined that optimistic time is the shortest time taken by the risk to be mitigated. Pessimistic time is the maximum time period to be taken to complete it. It has assumed that those risks can exceed the total time from the estimated time. Wirba, Tah and Howes (2012) argued that most likely is the time taken by the team to analyze it if it is repeated time by time. Qualitative risk analysis: Risk Register The risk analysis is done using the risk register matrix; the identified risks are categorized as shown in the below table. The risks are identified based on its probability and impact on the healthcare construction project plan (Driver Bernard, 2012). Each of the types of risks is ranked based on its consequences on the project plan. Risk ranking Risk types Responses Impact Likelihood Probability 1 Design error Accept Medium High Very high 2 Usual construction agreements Mitigation Medium Medium Moderate 3 Schedule risk Accept High Low Moderate 4 Raw materials and equipment risk Accept Medium High Very high 5 Procurement risk Mitigation Medium Low Moderate 6 Security risk Accept High Medium Moderate 7 Not putting insurance Avoid Low Low Low 8 Budget risk Accept Medium Medium Moderate Impact Likelihood Very low Low Medium High Very high Very high High Design error, Raw materials and equipment risk, Medium Usual construction agreements, Budget risk Security risk Low Not putting insurance Procurement risk Schedule risk Very low Figure 3: Risk register matrix (Source: Driver Bernard, 2012, pp-267) Quantitative risk analysis: PERT The following table shows the possible time taken by the team to analyze each of the risks based on its effects on the project plan. For doing the quantitative risk analysis, PERT technique is used to identify the total time taken to complete the analysis of the risks (Hajdu, 2013). The formula used to calculate the total duration for the identified risks is: te= (to + 4* tm + tp)/6 where, te= expected time to= optimistic time tm= most likely time tp= pessimistic time Risks analysis Optimistic (to) in days Most likely (tm) in days Pessimistic (tp) in days Total duration (te) in days Design error 6 12 30 14 Usual construction agreements 3 6 15 7 Schedule risk 3 9 27 11 Raw materials and equipment risk 4 19 28 18 Procurement risk 3 9 27 11 Security risk 2 5 8 5 Not putting insurance 1 4 7 4 Budget risk 6 12 30 14 Plan Risk Response Risk type Response Comment Design error Accept The Design Manager gives a response to this risk by proper designing of the blueprint of the healthcare building. Usual construction agreements Mitigation It is mitigated by following the construction agreement while constructing the buildings (Wirba, Tah Howes, 2012). Schedule risk Accept Proper estimation of schedule Raw materials and equipment risk Accept Proper collection of resources as per the construction requirements Procurement risk Mitigation Recruitment of proper experts with accurate skills and knowledge of construction (Grotsch, Blome Schleper, 2013). Security risk Accept Authorization of the information is required. Not putting insurance Avoid Insurance risks are avoided as it is based on companys requirements. If it is not required, then it cannot give bad effect on the construction (Hajdu, 2013). Budget risk Accept Proper estimation of budget Mitigating risk and avoiding risk Type of risk Risk owner Mitigation process Error in the design of the healthcare infrastructure Design Manager The manager should design an accurate blueprint for their healthcare infrastructure. Risk due to not using usual construction agreements Project Manager Proper follow and support of the construction rules and regulations should be done (Mansfield et al., 2015). Schedule risk Project Manager The person should estimate the schedule of the project plan as per the requirements of the construction work. Purchase order issue Procurement Manager The requirements equipment as well as raw materials are purchased on time otherwise, it delays the entire project duration (Hwang, Zhao Toh, 2014). Procurement risk Procurement Manager Recruitment of required skills experts is to be done. Security risk Risk Manager The data such as blueprint, financial report should be kept secured from unauthorized use of third party person. Risk of not putting project insurance Project Manager Insurance policies should be followed before starting the construction work (Thamhain, 2013). Budget risk Project Sponsor The person should estimate the budget of the project plan as per the requirements of the construction work. Contingency planning Mace et al., (2015) stated that the contingency plan for the construction project helps to mitigate the identified project risks during assessing the risks if there are chances of increasing the risk and gives an adverse effect on the healthcare project plan. Risk event Contingency plan Trigger Responsibility to make contingency plan Non-delivery of the raw materials and equipment on time Pre-ordered of the raw materials before appointment of contractors Support from the top management team Supply Manager Lack of availability of resources Recruitment of more resources is required with best skills and knowledge to work on a construction project (Kendrick, 2015). It is not solved in 1 day. Procurement Manager Risk of getting approval Early consultation with the government is required to get permission to construct the healthcare for aged people. Support from the top management team Project Manager Failure in ICT Establishment of back up procedures before failure of the ICT services (Mace et al., 2015). Failure in the equipment Project Manager Lack of equipment Required equipment should be ordered before starting the construction work. Still, it is not solved in 7 hours. Procurement Manager Lack of funds Pre-collection of a fund is to be done before a shortage of money for the project. Support from the top management team Project Sponsor Contingency funding Bromiley et al., (2015) stated that funds are covering the risks of this construction project are the contingency funds. After preparing the contingency plan, the project manager estimates the total funds required to mitigate the risks. Hajdu (2013) concluded that there are two types of the fund for the project such as budget management reserve fund. The budget reserve fund is to be set up for those risks, which are identified, and management fund for those, which are still not identified. In order to make progress in the project, the budget reserve fund for the project decreases. Based on the assumption, the following contingency funding is categorized as follows: Risk types Budget baseline Budget reserve Project budget Design error $400 $15 $415 Risk due to not using usual construction agreements $300 $16 $316 Schedule risk $200 $18 $218 Purchase order risk $200 $23 $223 Procurement risk $340 $25 $365 Security risk $450 $23 $473 Risk of not putting project insurance $230 $21 $251 Budget risk $380 $11 $391 Subtotal $2500 $152 $2652 Management reserve ------- ------ $50 Total $2500 $152 $2702 Change control management Driver and Bernard (2012) opined that change control is considered as the process which is mainly used to recognize, document as well as approve the changes to the construction project work. The change control process for this construction of healthcare project considers the following elements such as: Documentation of the proposed changes: Bromiley et al., (2015) opined that in order to overcome with the construction risks, the change request is to be documented properly such that all the management team should be informed about the change request status. Documentation of new construction rules and regulations: The new rules, as well as regulations of the construction project, should be documented such that the construction team should follow it at the time of building the healthcare infrastructure (Thamhain, 2013). Testing of the quality of raw materials: Hajdu (2013) argued that the project manager properly checks the quality of the equipment as well as raw materials such that no quality assurance risks occur in the project. Development of construction standard: Each of the construction standards is developed as per the business requirements. It should be constructed in such a way such that the place should be comfortable for the aged people. Conclusion It is concluded from the literature review is that use of new advanced technology for construction of healthcare for aged people increases their level of satisfaction. However, there is a high probability of occurrence of risks in the construction project. Therefore, the project should manage their risks by following a risk management plan. Their plan should make sure that the aged people and other people are satisfied with renovations of their healthcare based on rules and regulations, federal as well as local laws. The risk management plan consists of three processes such as risk identification, risk analysis and risk control to overcome with the risks. In order to analyze with identified risks, quantitative and qualitative risk analysis are to be done. Qualitative risk analysis is done using risk matrix, and quantitative risk analysis is done using PERT technique. It is used to carry out the schedule risk assessment of the construction project. It will stimulate the time taken by each of the risks. Finally, contingency planning and funding is done to mitigate the risks in the construction project. References Banerjee, B. (2016). Enterprise Risk Management.The MA Journal,51(3), 66-72. Bromiley, P., McShane, M., Nair, A., Rustambekov, E. (2015). Enterprise risk management: Review, critique, and research directions.Long range planning,48(4), 265-276. Chance, D. M., Brooks, R. (2015).Introduction to derivatives and risk management. Cengage Learning. Christoffersen, P. F. (2012).Elements of financial risk management. Academic Press. Driver, J., Bernard, R. (2012). Enterprise risk management. InThe SAGES manual of quality, outcomes and patient safety(pp. 529-539). Springer US. Grotsch, V. M., Blome, C., Schleper, M. C. (2013). Antecedents of proactive supply chain risk managementa contingency theory perspective.International Journal of Production Research,51(10), 2842-2867. Hajdu, M. (2013). Effects of the application of activity calendars on the distribution of project duration in PERT networks.Automation in Construction,35, 397-404. Hull, J. (2012).Risk Management and Financial Institutions,+ Web Site(Vol. 733). John Wiley Sons. Hwang, B. G., Ng, W. J. (2013). Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), 272-284. Hwang, B. G., Zhao, X., Toh, L. P. (2014). Risk management in small construction projects in Singapore: status, barriers and impact.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), 116-124. Kendrick, T. (2015).Identifying and managing project risk: essential tools for failure-proofing your project. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Kerzner, H. R. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kikwasi, G. (2013, February). Causes and effects of delays and disruptions in construction projects in Tanzania. InAustralasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building-Conference Series(Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 52-59). Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Mace, G. M., Hails, R. S., Cryle, P., Harlow, J., Clarke, S. J. (2015). Review: towards a risk register for natural capital.Journal of Applied Ecology,52(3), 641-653. Malhotra, Y. (2015). Cybersecurity Cyber-Finance Risk Management: Strategies, Tactics, Operations, , Intelligence: Enterprise Risk Management to Model Risk Management: Understanding Vulnerabilities, Threats, Risk Mitigation.Tactics, Operations, , Intelligence: Enterprise Risk Management to Model Risk Management: Understanding Vulnerabilities, Threats, Risk Mitigation (September 15, 2015). Mansfield, J. G., Caplan, R. A., Campos, J. S., Dreis, D. F., Furman, C. (2015). Using a quantitative risk register to promote learning from a patient safety reporting system.The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety,41(2), 76-76. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Mikes, A., Kaplan, R. S. (2014, October). Towards a contingency theory of enterprise risk management. AAA. Paape, L., Spekl, R. F. (2012). The adoption and design of enterprise risk management practices: An empirical study.European Accounting Review,21(3), 533-564. Pritchard, C. L., PMP, P. R. (2014).Risk management: concepts and guidance. CRC Press. Rigby, D., Bilodeau, B. (2015). Management tools trends 2015.London, Bain Company. Thamhain, H. (2013). Managing risks in complex projects.Project Management Journal,44(2), 20-35. Wirba, E. N., Tah, J. H. M., Howes, R. (2012). INTELLIGENT RISK MANAGEMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECT CONTROL.The Organization and Management of Construction: Managing construction information, 189.

Physical Therapist Assistant (major)

My major is physical therapy. Physical therapist assistants perform their duties under the supervision of physical therapists. Core duties of physical therapist assistant include assisting patients to recover from illnesses, injuries, and surgeries. These are procedures, which help patients to manage pain and regain balance during movement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Therapist Assistant (major) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, therapies are developed to enhance mobility, reduce permanent physical disability, and improve general conditions and fitness of patients (American Dental Education Association 1). Patients could be persons with short-term or long-term physical disabilities, heart conditions, head injuries, back pain, cerebral palsy, or arthritis. A number of reasons have influenced me to major as a physical therapy assistant. Physical therapists have high–levels of educati on in the anatomy, locomotion, and operations of the body. Knowledge gained in physical therapy education helps the therapist to lessen aches, assist patients to move, avert permanent disabilities, and re-establish physical functions. Hence, a physical therapist is an important part of patient care. Foundations of therapist’s work are practical training and therapeutic activities. Patients have different needs based on their conditions. However, physical therapists aim to initiate movement or operations by activating joints or working on muscles. In addition, physical therapists also apply other methods like ultrasound, hot packs, electrotherapy, and ice to treat their patients (Kilgore College 1). Career as a physical therapist has great rewards. These specialists make a difference in individuals’ lives. Physical therapists work with patients closely and watch their progress through various stages of treatment. A physical therapist remains a rehabilitation specialist who promotes the patient’s maximal recovery and functions. The job also involves restoring mobility through fitness and wellness therapies, which improve the patient’s overall health and active life. A career as a physical therapist offers a job security. The job is resilient to economic downturns and struggling job markets. Today, the large number of aging Americans has driven the demand for physical therapists. Specifically, American baby boomers have become prone to chronic conditions and common health problems, which require them to seek services of physical therapists. The Bureau of Labor Statistics notes that the demand for physical therapists would rise by 46 percent between the year 2010 and 2020 (Bureau of Labor Statistics 1). This rate of growth is faster than the average rate of growth in the job market because of health care needs of the aging population. This is good news for students of physical therapist assistant.Advertising Looking for essay on al ternative medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The job leads to a feeling of self-fulfillment among practitioners. Physical therapists help others to regain or attain their normal movement abilities and conduct their daily life activities. Surveys have shown that physical therapy job has an overall highest job satisfaction level (American Physical Therapy Association 1). More than a three-quarter of physical therapists who take part in surveys report that they are ‘very satisfied’. Certainly, this is the only best performing health care profession in terms of job satisfaction. Physical therapists can perform their roles in any location with clients of different ages. As a result, they have a wide range of areas and settings for work, which may include outpatient clinics, private offices, hospitals, schools, sport facilities, health and fitness centers, and home health care facilities among others. Finally, physica l therapy education would elevate me to be my own boss. A large number of physical therapists work as private consultants or own their physical therapy facilities. Education is necessary for physical therapy assistant. Students should get a CAPTE-accredited two-year associate degree program (American Physical Therapy Association 1). This allows graduates to sit for a national examination for the license and allows them to join the profession of physical therapy with the necessary skill, behaviors, and knowledge. Most states need the certificate or license in order to work as physical therapist assistant. Education would ensure that a physical therapist assistant is competent, adaptable, knowledgeable, and self-assured to provide physical therapy services. Physical therapy assistant education ensures that the graduate can perform the job, gather patient’s information, ensure safety, and respond to all instructions as provided by the physical therapist in a manner that that mee ts legal, ethical, effective, and safe practices of the profession. Moreover, a physical therapist assistant requires education in order to learn how to communicate with other stakeholders, client’s family, and caregivers, as a team and cooperatively with others in the health care sector.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Therapist Assistant (major) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The career of a physical therapist assistant is exciting, flexible, and highly rewarding, but students require necessary qualifications to join the profession. Works Cited American Dental Education Association . Physical Therapist Assistant. 2012. Web. American Physical Therapy Association. Physical Therapist Assistant (PTA) Education: Overview. 2013. Web. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012-13 Edition: Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides. 2012. Web. Kilgore College. Overview of Physical T herapist Assistant. 2013. Web. This essay on Physical Therapist Assistant (major) was written and submitted by user Fisher D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.